Annotated+Bibliographies

Welcome to the class collection of issues and topics, resources and research regarding the role of government in fostering the development, application and strategic implementation of alternative energy sources.

//Sources of Information Regarding the Role of Government in Strategic Implementation of Alternative Energy.// Shawn Cubbage June 12, 2007
 * Annotated Bibliography**
 * Please note: this webpage does not display formatting correctly, i.e., indentations and spacing***

Federal Agencies Programs and Initiatives

//Office of the President of the United States//

__1.__ __Fact Sheet: Earth Day 2006: Developing New Transportation Technology__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 22 Apr. 2006  This press release from the President’s Office of the Press Secretary outlines the administrations commitment to a cleaner environment. This outline covers: cleaner air, purer water, protecting the land, and improving national parks. This release also discusses the Advanced Energy Initiative, which is designed to pursuer cleaner, more efficient energy technologies including: hydrogen fuel, hybrid vehicles, and “plug-in” hybrids. All of the press releases from the Whitehouse I will discuss herein should be taken with a grain of salt. They are largely propaganda pieces to push the President’s platform. All the press releases I will list, however, do outline what the federal government is trying to do regarding strategic implementation of alternative energy sources. This is raw information direct from the source of the policies (the Whitehouse) before it has been vetted by the media and the President’s opposition (including the Democrats and environmental groups).

__2.__ __Twenty in Ten: Strengthening Energy Security and Addressing Climate Change__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 14 May 2007  This release discusses the President’s directive to Federal Agencies to implement regulations that will reduce U.S. gasoline consumption by 20% over the next 10 years. It also discusses the legislative proposals the Administration has sent to Congress to help achieve these goals. It also reviews steps the President is taking to regulate motor vehicle emission and further outlines steps the administration has taken to develop cleaner, cheaper, and more reliable energy sources. __3.__ __Transcript from President’s Radio Address Re: In Focus: Energy__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 10 Feb. 2007  In this transcript, the President speaks almost exclusively about the potential for bipartisan cooperation on his energy policy. These policies include advances in new energy technologies such as: biodiesel, lithium-ion batteries, and hydrogen fuel cells. This source also reviews the President’s “Twenty in Ten” goals for reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This policy includes $2.7 billion dollars to expand alternative energy research. __4.__ __National Energy Awareness Month, 2006__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 12 Oct. 2006  In this proclamation by the President, he comments on the efforts his administration is making to improve energy efficiency and conservation with the Advanced Energy Initiative. He further discusses solar and wind technologies, and clean, safe nuclear power, and then proclaims the month of October of National Every Awareness Month. __5.__ __President Signs Energy Policy Act of 2005__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 8 Aug. 2005  In this transcript from the President’s signing ceremony for the Energy Policy Act of 2005, he outlines what this bill is intended to accomplish: tax credits to install energy-efficient windows and appliances, up to $3,500 towards the purchase of a hybrid car, allow Americans to make cleaner and more productive use of domestic energy resources (coal, nuclear power, and oil and natural gas), and the bill extends tax credits for wind, biomass, landfill gas, geothermal energy, residential solar power, and other renewable electricity sources. __6.__ __Record of Achievement – Energy Security__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 2 Mar. 2001  This source from the Whitehouse website lists the accomplishments of the President’s long-term energy plan. In relation to alternative energy this accomplishments are: tax incentives for use of renewable energy (wind and solar), initiatives to develop technologies and infrastructure to produce, store, and distribute hydrogen fuel-cells for vehicles, and hybrid vehicle and ethanol tax credits. __7.__ __Fact Sheet: Presidents Bush’s Four-Part Plan to Confront High Gasoline Prices__. The White House, President George W. Bush. 25 Apr. 2006  This release describes the Administrations four part plane to confront high gas prices. The fourth step is related to alternative energy. The President calls on Congress to support his Advanced Energy Initiative, which proposes three ways to reduce gas consumption: increasing the use of ethanol, improving hybrid vehicles, and developing hydrogen technology. The President also pushes other alternatives to regular gasoline including: cellulosic ethanol (from wood chips, stalks, and switch grass), biodiesel fuel, and “plug-in hybrids” (which are charged from a standard electrical outlet). //United States Department of Agriculture// __8.__ __Publications: What Alternative Energy Options are Available for Farms?__ Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (USDA). Dec. 2005  This informative website from the USDA list the technologies that are commercially available for farms and ranches, they include: biofuels, biopower, bioproducts, geothermal heat pumps, geothermal direct use, hydroelectric power, passive solar heating, photovoltaic (solar cell) systems, solar hot water systems, and wind energy. This site also maintains links to dozens of websites for additional information on the above mentioned technology from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the National Nenewable Energy Laboratory. I explore some of these resources below. //United States Department of Energy// __9.__ __Biofuels and Agriculture.__ U.S. Department of Energy, National Biofuels Program. Sept. 2001  This is a four page factsheet for farmers published by the Federal government. It briefly outlines the raw materials for making Biofuels (now and in the future), current Biofuels production and growth opportunities, and the overall economic benefits of Biofuels. The publication is basically advocating for more farmers to try this source of alternative energy. __10.__ __Direct Use of Geothermal Energy.__ U.S. Department of Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program. May 2007  This three page public information website discusses the use of geothermal energy, which provides direct heat for residential, industrial, and commercial uses. This source further discusses how this is a direct use resource from thousands of thermal wells and springs in the U.S. This site outlines how the resource is tapped, and reviews operations using heat directly from the Earth. Greenhouses and aquaculture facilities are large users of this alternative energy source. __11.__ __Wind Powering America: Small Wind for Homeowners, Ranches, and Small Business.__ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 21 July 2005  This site in certainly worth a visit. It is another “how to” public website which outlines well the Federal Government’s role in implementing alternative energy programs. It contains 115 news articles, publications, and web resources that address the following questions: __12.__ __Solar Energy Applications for Farms and Ranches.__ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 12 Sept. 2005  This federal government website has two summary paragraphs on each on the following forms of solar energy applications in relation to farms and ranches: space and water heating, greenhouse heating, electricity (solar electric, or photovoltaic), and crop and grain drying. The site is intended as a brief introduction to each topic, with additional links to finance and incentive sites and other government and non-government resources. This is a good starting point to branch out to further information. //United States Environmental Protection Agency// __13.__ __Top__ __EPA__ __Official__ __Praises__ __Battery__ __Park__ __City__ __Building__ __as Template for Saving Energy__. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 24 Feb. 2006 < http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/names/r02_2006-2- 24_Energy_Efficient_Building > This press release from the U.S. EPA highlands the praise of the Federal Government for efforts being made to save energy by private sector companies. The “Solaire” is a highly energy-efficient building and is the first high-rise residential building in the nation to be environmentally sustainable. The EPA says this building demonstrates the practical use of two alternative energy sources: natural gas and the sun. This building will use 67% less energy during peak hours. __14.__ __EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson to Speak at national Renewable Energy Conference__. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 26 Sept. 2006 http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/names/hq_2006-9-26_energy_conference This release discusses the EPA’s role and participation in the 2006 Advancing Renewable Energy conference that was held in October of 2006. The conference brought together professionals from the biofuels, wind, and solar energy industries. Mr. Johnson discussed what the EPA and other federal agencies are doing to advance renewable energy. __15.__ __EPA’s State and Local Clean Energy Programs – What are State and Local Governments Doing?__ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Energy. 20 March 2007  This Federal EPA site has information directly related to the governments role in strategic implementation of alternative energy sources at all levels of government. This site introduces state and local governments efforts in finding clean energy, cost effectively and in ways that meets citizens growing energy demand in a clean, low-cost, reliable manner. This site further explains EPA’s role and interaction with other levels of government, which includes: technical assistance, analytical tools, and outreach support. My next three information sources go into further detail regarding these government partnerships, they are all brief introductions of policies and programs.
 * Is wind energy practical for me?
 * What size wind turbine do I need?
 * What are the basic parts of a small wind electric system?
 * What do wind systems cost?
 * Where can I find installation and maintenance support?
 * How much energy will my system generate?
 * Is there enough wind on my site?
 * How do I choose the best site for my wind turbine?
 * Can I connect my system to the utility grid?
 * Can I go off grid?

__16.__ __EPA’s State and Local Clean Energy Programs – State Clean Energy Program Activities.__ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Energy. 2 April 2007  This site provides a paragraph summary and a link to 23 different state government clean energy programs. Across the U.S., states are implementing these programs and policies to integrate energy efficiency, renewable energy, and clean distributed energy generation into a clean, low-cost, reliable energy system for their state’s businesses and residents. These programs are divided into five categories: state planning and incentive structures, state lead by example measures, energy efficiency action, energy supply actions, and utility planning and incentive structures. California participates in 15 of the 23 programs, not a bad track record for clean energy efforts! __17.__ __EPA’s State and Local Clean Energy Programs – Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership__ __Program.__ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Energy. 20 March 2007  This is a voluntary state program headed by the Federal EPA. This program coordinates with state governments to develop and implement cost-effective clean energy and environmental strategies that help further environmental and clean energy goals and achieve public health and economic benefits. This program launched in February 2005 with 11 states, California being one of them. This source has one quick paragraph regarding what the partnering states and the EPA are doing, and how the states benefit.

__18.__ __EPA’s State and Local Clean Energy Programs – Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership__ __Program,__ __California____.__ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Energy. 20 March 2007  This site dives into California’s role in the above mentioned Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership Program. It explains the CA Energy Commissions, CA Public Utility Commission, and the CA Air Resources Board role in the programs. It also contains a link to an 8-page brochure with describes how energy conservation and efficiency are an important resource for meeting its energy needs in a clean, reliable, and low-cost manner. State Agencies Programs and Initiatives //Office of the California Governor// __19.__ __Press Release – Governor Issues Directive to Establish World’s First Low Carbon Standard for__ __Transportation Fuels.__ Office of the California Governor. 9 Jan. 2007 <http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/print-version/press-release/5074> My next five sources are press releases from Governor Schwarzenegger’s office. While I realize that press releases are one-sided and have not been vetted by the media or opponents, it is important to take a look at the efforts being put forward by our Governor in the area of alternative energy. I also realize that many of the Governor’s alternative energy platforms initiatives may never take effect or become law. However, these press releases do encapsulate what the California’s Executive Branch is doing to strategically implement alternative energy sources. This Governor prides himself in being a “green” Governor, so let’s take a look at what he has proposed in his four years in office. This first release discusses the world’s first Greenhouse Gas Standard for transportation fuels. The Office believes this will spark research in alternatives to oil, and will boost clean technology industry in the State. The Governor’s Executive Order has a goal to reduce the carbon intensity of passenger vehicle fuels by 10 percent by the year 2020. __20.__ __Press Release –Statement by Governor Schwarzenegger Celebrating $90 Million Federal Award__ __to__ __Carson__ __Hydrogen Power.__ Office of the California Governor. 3 Nov. 2006 <http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/print-version/press-release/4824> In November of 2006, the Federal government awarded $90 million dollars in investment tax credits to Carson Hydrogen Power, out of Carson, CA. This award acknowledges the innovative work being done by California companies to advance carbon capture and storage technologies. This award was authorized under the Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 and is administered by the U.S. Department of Energy. This funding will help to further Carson Hydrogen Power’s efforts in the develop of this alternative energy source. __21.__ __Press Release – Governor Schwarzenegger, West Coast Governors Express Opposition to__ __Weakening Offshore Oil Drilling Ban in Letter to President Bush.__ Office of the California Governor. 2 Oct. 2006 <http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/print-version/press-release/4256> This source has a copy of a letter from the Governor’s of California, Oregon, and Washington State to President Bush voicing their continued opposition to offshore oil drilling off the coast of the Western continental United States. The letter reiterates the West Coast’s Governor’s commitment to alternative energy sources instead of increasing dependence on fossil fuels. This release does not have a lot of technical or historical information, but it does clearly establish these Governors’s position on their State’s alternative energy efforts. __22.__ __Press Release – Governor Schwarzenegger Announces Bioenergy Action Plan for California.__ Office of the California Governor. 17 July 2006 <http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/print-version/press-release/1685> This press release discuses the Governor’s Bioenergy Action Plan which outlines ways for California to bring alternative energy into the mainstream and reduce dependency on foreign fossil fuels. The plan focuses on ways to create a positive environment for bioenergy (including ethanol) development to help attract new facilities and investment in this State. Part of this plan is an Executive Order which aims to have California produce a minimum of twenty percent of its own biofuels by 2010 and forty percent by 2020. __23.__ __Press Release – Governor Schwarzenegger Embarks on Trade Mission to China__. Office of the California Governor. 13 Nov. 2005 <http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/print-version/press-release/1215> In November of 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger completed a six day trade mission to China, in which he discussed export and jobs. There is also mention in the release regarding California being in a position to have the technology to help China manage its staggering economic growth (which is 9.5% annually) to protect its environment and reduce its dependence on fossil fuel. The Governor was trying to position California as a world leader in alternative energy solutions. He believes California is a natural partner for China with the State’s strength as an innovator and world leader in science, technology, and solutions related to the environment and alternative energy. Again, this release is thin on details and information, but it does showcase the efforts being made by this Administration. __24.__ __Press Release – Text of Letter from Governor Schwarzenegger and Governor Richardson to__ __Western Governor’s Association__. Office of the California Governor. 14 April 2004 <http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/print-version/press-release/3118> In April of 2004, Governor Schwarzenegger and Governor Richardson, of New Mexico, sent a joint letter to the Energy Summit at the Western Governor’s Association which outlined the two Governor’s efforts for clean and efficient energy sources. These sources of energy are relatively untapped and include: solar, wind, zero-emission coal, biomass, and energy conservation. Again, this release is thin on background and technical information, but it makes these two Governor’s positions clear on their efforts to secure more alterative energy sources. //California// //Environmental Protection Agency// __25.__ __Press Release – Cal/EPA Renews Commitment to Energy Created by Renewable Resources__. California Environmental Protection Agency. 14 Nov. 2006 <http://calepa.ca.gov/pressroom/releases/2006/PR26-111406.pdf.> Continuing to explore California State governor’s efforts regarding the implementation of alternative energy sources, I turn to the California Environmental Protection Agency. In November of 2006, the Secretary of Cal EPA urged the property manager of their Sacramento headquarter building to continue to participate in SMUD’s Greenergy Program. This program reduces more than 3,500 tons of greenhouse gases every year and supports the alternative energy market (such as landfill gas created by waste decomposition.) Cal EPA’s Sacramento headquarter building (10th and I Streets) was designed using green design principles that conserve energy and natural resources. During the first three years of this building’s operation, approximately $4.8 million dollars was saved in costs related to energy, water, and waste disposal. __26.__ __Press Release – Another First for California: Fuel Cell to Light Holiday Tree at State Capitol__. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board. 5 Dec. 2006 <http://arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr120506.htm> This is a fun bit of information, yes it is a political stunt, and has the makings of a good news story generated by a State government agency. However, using a fuel cell to light a Christmas tree does show case the diversity of uses of alternative energy sources. The LED bulbs on the tree use 98 percent less energy then traditional decoration lights. Fuel cells are highly efficient; emit no toxics, only pure water. Although this demonstration was a bit of a stunt, it got people talking about this fairly new method of producing clean energy. //Go Solar// //California////!// __27.__ __The__ __California__ __Solar Initiative - CSI__. Go Solar California! 21 May 2007 <http://gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/csi/index.html> The California Solar Initiative (CSI) is part of Governor Schwarzenegger’s Million Solar Roofs Program. This program has set a goal to create 3,000 megawatts of new, solar-produced electricity by 2017. The California Public Utilities and Energy Commission’s administrators tax incentive programs for new construction for installation of solar panels. The following two sources discuss the program in more detail. __28.__ __A Short History of Solar Energy and Solar Energy in__ __California__. Go Solar California! 21 May 2007 <http://gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar101/history.html> Here is when we get technical regarding the history and develop of solar technology in the U.S., and in particular California. It was discovered way back in 1839 that certain material, when exposed to light, produces electricity. In 1876, selenium was discovered as being the most efficient at producing electricity. In 1954, silicon-based solar cells were developed; this method is still used today. This site further discusses solar technology development through the 1970’s and 80’s and into the 90’s through 2006. There is a lot of meat in this information source; it is certainly worth a look. It is a treasure chest of background and historical information regarding solar as an alternative energy source. __29.__ __The Big Picture__. Go Solar California! 21 May 2007 <http://gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/informatino/big_picture.html> This final source of information from the Go Solar California website takes a step back with a brief look at all alternative energy sources including: biomass, geothermal, small hydroelectric, solar, and wind. About 10.2 percent of California’s energy currently comes from these sources. This site also briefly goes into the benefits of renewable energy. //California// //Energy Commission// __30__. __Mission____, Vision and Values of the__ __California__ __Energy Commission__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 <http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/mission_statement.html> My next several sources are from the California Energy Commission’s website. This page gives a good overview introduction of what the Commission stands for. Their mission statement is to assess, advocate, and act through public/private partnerships to improve energy systems…. Their vision statement is for California to have energy choices that are affordable, reliable, diverse, safe, and environmentally acceptable. The values statement section talks about customers and stakeholders, human resources, and products and services. This site also explains the symbols in the Commission’s seal. This is great introductory site to the Commission. __31.__ James D. Boyd. __California__ __and the Future of Energy – UCLA Forecast__. 28 Sept. 2006 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-999-2006-028/CEC-999-2006-028.PDF This is a five page PowerPoint presentation from James Boyd, who is a Commissioner on the California Energy Commission. He begins by comparing California to the nation, with interesting facts such as California is the 5th largest consumer of energy in the world. He also breaks down the percentages of types of energy California uses compared to the U.S. Natural gas is the largest power source for California at 37.6% compared to only 14.8% for the country. He concludes by outlining California’s actions on energy including the Biofuels Action Plan, and Assembly Bill 1007. This source is just a real brief outline, it does not give much detail, but it may make you aware of programs and statistics you can look more into using other sources. __32__. __Major Energy Producing & Regulatory Organizations__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/public_adviser/energy_orgs This site is a great place to start researching the role of the Federal and California state government in implementing alternative energy sources. It gives a brief outline of nine government and non-government entities, including: the California Legislature, California Energy Commission, California Public Utilities Commission, the Electricity Oversight Board, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, California Independent System Operator, Municipal Utilities, Investor-Owned Utilities in California, and the Independent Power Producers. Start with this site, and then branch out into more detail about each entity. __33__. __Renewable Energy Program__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/index.html This site gives a two page overview of the California Energy Commission’s Renewable Energy Program. This program was created in 1998 to help increase total renewable electricity production statewide. The program has a goal of 20% use of renewable electricity by 2017 in California. This site also outlines the California Solar Initiative I have mentioned in previous sources. My next source goes into more detail regarding this program. __34__. __History of the Renewable Energy Program__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/history.html The Renewable Energy Program, which is managed by the California Energy Commission, was created by SB 90 in 1998, after the deregulation of the energy market in California. The program is organized under five categories: existing, new, and emerging renewable resources, customer credit, and consumer education. This site talks about current and future funding, the Program will have $135 million annually for 10 years (beginning in 2002) from investor-owned utility companies. Each one the five categories has their own (separate) funding accounts.

__35__. __The Bright Schools Program__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/brightschools.index.html This site is a schools administrator’s guide to the Bright Schools Program. This program is a great example of what the State’s government is doing to promote energy efficiency and alternatives. This program assist schools with the purchase and installation of energy efficient equipment, like light bulbs and new HVAC systems, these improvements can save schools up to 20% on their energy cost. For existing schools, this program conducts energy audits, reviews existing designs, and assists in contractor selection, among other assistance. For new school construction, part of what this program does is provide design and equipment specification consultation, and reviews schematics and construction plans. This site also discusses the application process for schools administrators. __36__. __California’s Major Sources of Energy__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 http://[|www.energy.ca.gov/html/energysources.html] This source is a one page diagram that outlines the major sources of energy in California. The top three in-state generated electricity is from natural gas, nuclear, and large hydro. This diagram also breaks down where the imported energy is coming from. Our largest out of state energy supplier is the Rockies and Southwest. Go to this site for the big picture! __37__. __California____’s Gross System Power for 2006__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/electricity/gross_system_power.html Go to this site for a chart of California’s Gross System Power for 2006 from in-state and out of state imports. There is also data here about renewable energy, such as: biomass, small hydro, solar, etc. For all your statistical data on California’s energy supply, visit this site. __38__. __Why We Should Care About Renewable Energy__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 http://[|www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/care.html] This is a one page source that outlines the benefits of renewable energy use. Some of those benefits include: clean air, create jobs for U.S. workers, reduce dependence on imported oil, reduce carbon dioxides, and many other benefits. This is a good and brief source of information to introduce you to the world of renewable energy. __39__. __Overview of Wind Energy in__ __California__. California Energy Commission. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.energy.ca.gov/wind/overview.html This is a good introductory information source for wind energy in California. In 2004, California produced 4,258 million kilowatt-hours using wind, which is about 1.5% of the state’s total energy production. Wind is an inexpensive and clean method of producing energy. This site discusses some of the technical aspects of how generation of electricity from wind works. This site also discuses the benefits and permitted uses of wind as an energy source. __40__. __Wind Power__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/wind/index.html My next several sources are from the California Energy Commission’s, Consumer Energy Center website. This site discusses in detail all the forms of renewable energy generation that is produced in California. The first source of renewable energy is wind power. There are more then 14,000 wind turbines in the state, which are grouped together in “wind farms”. The largest farms are near San Francisco, Palm Springs, and Bakersfield. California produces about 10% of the world’s wind energy. Go to this site for more detailed information. __41__. __Biomass Electricity__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/biomass/index.html Biomass consists of organic residues from plants and animals that are obtained from harvesting agricultural and forestry crops. The residues are used to power direct combustion power plants. The estimated resource of biomass is 47 million tons in California. This site gives the reader a brief preview of biomass technology. __42__. __Fuel Cells for Electricity__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/fuelcells/index.html Fuel cells use hydrogen to make electricity, pure water, and heat. This site talks about the technical aspects about how hydrogen is converted into electricity and water. There are three categories of fuel cells: proton exchange membrane, platinum, and alkaline; and two types of fuel cell designs: molten carbonate, and solid oxide. This site has one introductory paragraph of each of these subtopics. This is a good place to start; the site also has links to other government and non-government information sources. __43__. __Geothermal Energy__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/geothermal/index.html Geothermal energy is generated by the using heat directly from the earth, usually in volcanic and seismically active regions. California has 25 known active regions that can be utilized as geothermal energy sites. California’s geothermal power plants generate about 2,030 megawatts a year (which is 4.8 percent of the state’s total electrical generation in 2004). This site goes on to discuss other cities with geothermal sites and discusses the two forms of geothermal energy: hot dry rock and magma. This information site also has contact information and website links to four other sources of information regarding this renewable energy source. __44__. __Hydroelectric Power__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/hydro/index.html Although hydroelectric power is not really considerate alternative energy, it is a renewable energy source. In 2004, 16.5 percent of the total energy produced in California was from hydroelectric sources. Nationally hydro accounts for 10 percent of total power generation. The site goes on to discuss who owns and operates the state’s hydroelectric plants, how hydro works (water spinning blades on a turbine), and the types of hydro facilities (conventional methods and pumped storage facilities). __45.__ __Solar Thermal Electricity__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/solarthermal/index.html The first solar hot water system was used in 1878 to heat water to create steam for a printing press at the World’s Fair in Paris. Solar hot water systems were also used in the late 1800’s in the southwestern U.S. These systems can either be used to heat water for domestic use or to make steam and electricity. This site discusses different types of solar thermal power plants in use in California and the equipments efficiencies. The use of thermal electric capacity is projected to increase nationwide because the cost to build and maintain these facilities has become less and less expensive. Again, this site is a good introductory source of information. __46.__ __Biodiesel as a Transportation Fuel__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/biodiesel.html Biodiesel is an alternative fuel source produced by such things as soybeans and restaurant grease. This fuel will run in diesel engines without any major mechanical conversions required. Biodiesel can be mixed with petroleum diesel in any percentage and is approved by the Federal government for use in the US. This site further goes on to discuss Biodiesel emissions, health factors, cost, storage faculties, how to use it in existing diesel engines, and where it can be bought. In California, more than 4 million gallons of Biodiesel per year is being used. This is another brief introductory website, with links to other sites with additional and more detailed information. __47.__ __Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a Transportation Fuel__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/cng.html CNG is usually used in its gas form compressed to pressures above 3,100 pounds per square inch to power vehicles. Most natural gas comes from three types of wells; California currently has 1,200 wells in operation. More then 99 percent of the U.S.’s natural gas is produced domestically (CA produces 15.4 percent of the natural gas in-state that it uses.) The site goes on to discuss how natural gas is stored, its flammability, its benefits, the vehicles that use it, where it is available to pump in California, and cost. This site also has links to five additional website for more detailed information. __48.__ __Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/ethanol.html Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is an effective motor fuel; it contains the same alcohol as alcoholic beverages. Ethanol is typically blended with regular fuel at concentrations of 5 to 10 percent. This alternative fuel source is less efficient then regular gasoline, with about 33 percent more required to travel the same distance. Ethanol is made primarily from corn, which is largely grown in the Midwestern states. Ethanol cost significantly more then petroleum fuels. This site goes on to discuss this fuel’s environmental characteristics, and how it is transported, stored, and distributed. This site covers all the frequently asked questions about this alternative fuel source. __49.__ __Gas-to-Liquid Fuels In Transportation__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/gtl.html Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) fuels are what the name implies. Natural gas, coal and biomass, are converted to liquid for use as an energy source. GTL is currently not produced in California. The nearest GTL supplier is the Shell plant at Bintulu, Malaysia. Natural gas in its gas form is 4 times more expensive to transport than oil. Converting natural gas to liquid is a huge transportation cost savings. This source of information continues with discussing GTL’s availability, fuel economy, emissions, and cost. This site also has links to six additional websites where you can find more detailed information.

__50.__ __Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a Transportation Fuel__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/lng.html Continuing to explore the California Energy Commission’s, Consumer Energy Center, we come to liquefied natural gas (LNG). This is a highly controversial alternative fuel source here in California due to the industries attempts to build LNG storage tanks along the state’s coast. This type of natural gas is in liquid form (as the name implies), clear, colorless, odorless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. Relating directly to how the state government is implementing alternative energy sources, in 2005 the California Energy Commission provided more than $3.5 million in grant cost-share funding for 15 infrastructure projects. This site dives into how LNG is transported, where the import terminal are in the U.S., storage, flammability, explosiveness, availability in California, cost, and what vehicles use this form of alternative fuel. __51.__ __LPG – Propane As A Transportation Fuel__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/lpg_propane.html Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), better known as motor fuel propane, is produced as part of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Propane is a gas that can be converted into a liquid; and has been used as a transportation fuel since 1912. It is the third most common source of fuel in the U.S. LPG is now most commonly used as a forklift and construction site fuel. There is about 1,200 propane fueling facilities in California, they are currently mostly used to fill residential, recreational vehicles and barbecues, but can be used to fuel vehicles. The CA Energy Commission and the U.S. Department of Energy has provided funding to establish 25 motor fuel propane stations, they are used to fill CalTrans and the Department of Water Resources vehicles, as well as the general public’s vehicles. Propane has the potential to provide 4.4 percent of the total fuel used by state owned vehicles. Go to this site for more details on this fuel source. __52.__ __Fuel Cell Vehicles__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/fuelcell/index.html This is another good source of information regarding fuel cell technology; I touched on this topic briefly in a previous citation. This site dives into the following topics regarding this promising alternative fuel source: what hydrogen is, where it comes from, what fuel cells are, fuel cell vehicles, and the future of hydrogen vehicles. This site also links to ten government and non-government websites for further information. __53.__ __Battery__ __Electric Vehicles__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/ev+nev.html Battery electric vehicles (EV) have been around for a long time, in the early 1900’s there was more electric vehicles then gas powered ones. At there peak, there were 50,000 EVs on the roads of the U.S. In 1990 the California Air Resources Board passed a regulation to reduce the pollution from cars. The regulation required 2 percent of all cars sold in the state must be zero-emission vehicles, this increased to 5 percent in 2001, and 10 percent in 2003. This regulation was later changed to allow partial zero-emission credits for non-zero emission vehicles, but the Board still requires the 2 percent zero-emission law. These vehicles include hybrid plug-ins and neighborhood electric vehicles. Visit this site for more information about these types of vehicles. __54.__ __Urban Options – Neighborhood Electric Vehicles__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/urban_options/nev.html Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) can carry one to four people, and have three to four wheels, and weigh less then 2,200 pounds. They are low speed vehicles intended to run local errands. A project in San Francisco called “Station Cars” has 70 commuters who use small battery-powered electric cars between home and mass transit stations. The City of Palm Springs (local government) has a similar program were police patrol cars patrol enclosed neighborhoods. Both these programs are good examples of government implementing alterative modes of transportation. __55.__ __Hybrid Vehicles__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/hybrids/index.html Next the California Energy Commission discusses hybrid vehicles, which are vehicles that combine two or more sources of power. The City of Elk Grove (where I live) uses hybrid buses which are diesel-electric. The electric motors are used for low speeds, and when the buses stop, the gas engines shut off. There are two types of hybrids: parallel (small internal combustion engine – which charge the batteries and provides power to the transmission), and series (a gas engine runs a small on-board generator to produce electricity – which charge the batteries which powers an electric motor). This site also has a chart that shows the gas savings with hybrids, which helps off set the more expensive initial purchase price. The site also has the efficiency comparison numbers between a Mustang GT and a Toyota Pruis. Very interesting number comparison! __56.__ __Myths about Energy, Energy Fallacies & Weird Energy__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/index.html This is a fun little website that discusses myths, fallacies, and weird facts about energy. Come here to add some interesting facts to your paper. At this site, you can find answers to such compelling questions as: 200 mpg cars were stopped by oil and auto companies, free energy, over unity, perpetual motion devices, idling your car uses less gas than shutting off and starting back up, etc. Have fun with this information source! __57.__ __California’s Rebate Program for Wind & Fuel Cell Renewable Energy Electric Generating__ __Systems__. California Energy Commission – Consumer Energy Center. 21 May 2007 [|http://]www.consumerenergycenter.org/erprebate/program.html This is where we get to the meat of programs that directly involve state government with implementing alternative energy sources. This cash rebate program is administered by the Energy Commission for eligible grid-connected small wind and fuel cell renewable energy electric-generating. This technology essentially makes your power meter spin the other way around, so not only are you not paying a electric bill, you are getting paid to put more power back into the power grid then what you use! This program rebates between $3.00 and $1.50 per watt. This site further explains who is eligible for program, what generating systems are eligible (their requirements), and consumer fact sheets. This is where the rubber meets the road with government helping to implement alternative energy sources. //Office of the// //California// //Treasure// __58.__ Oswald, Edwin, and Michael Larsen. “An Explanation of Clean Renewable Energy Bonds.” __Orrick__ (2006) <[|http://]www.treasurer.ca.gov/caeatfa/crebs.pdf > This is a 13 page document by Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP. It outlines in detail the Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2005 (the “Act”). This is a pretty technical document that gets to the meat of how the Federal government is funding renewable energy source projects. The Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREB) finances certain renewable energy and clean coal facilities. The tax credits of the CREB’s essentially make these bonds an interest free loan for the borrowers. This document is a guide to potential applicants of these bonds in the renewable energy industry. It outlines in detail the mechanics of the bonds, the qualified issuers, qualified borrowers, and qualified projects. Qualified projects include wind, biomass, geothermal or solar, landfill gas, trash combustion, and refined coal facilities (among others). Again, this is a highly technical and detailed document, but there are certainly useful nuggets of information in it for demonstrating how the Federal government is involved in implementing alternative energy sources. Newspaper Articles __59.__ “Alternative Energy Sources Explored At UN Conference in Dubai” __UN News Service__ 6 Feb. 2006 <http://www.un.org/apps/news/printnewsAr.asp?nid=17406> This article is related to a United Nations conference held in the United Arab Emirates in February of 2006, which showcased renewable energy technologies. These technologies included: waste-reduction system, wind, and solar. The UN is also promoting a system called “SolarChill”, which provides solar powered refrigeration to developing countries in order to fight disease. This is a good news story about what the world (not just the United States or California) is doing for the develop of alternative energy technologies. __60.__ Roosevelt, Margot. “Bill Heats Up Talk Of Solar Water Systems.” __L.A. Times__ 29 May 2007 This article outlines a bill, currently going through the California Assembly legislative process, which would make solar heating systems widely available. These heating systems will be used to heat water for showers, dishwashers, and laundry. The bill would provide $250 million dollars in incentives to build 200,000 solar water systems statewide over the next 10 years. Studies show that the wide use of these systems can cut residential natural gas bills by 24%. There are currently federal tax credits for this technology, but there have not been any state subsidies since the mid-1980’s. This news story has some good testimonies from people who have used the equipment and it discusses the history of the solar industry from the 1970’s to today. __61.__ Zwahlen, Cyndia. “Capital is Chasing Clean Tech Firms; Banks; Government Agencies and Venture Companies are Courting California Enterprises Seeking Overseas Clients for Alternative Energy.” __L.A.__ __Times__ 31 Jan. 2007, C7 This article covers the increasing interest in the alternative fuel industry, which is heating up as global demand for clean technology relies increasable on small California companies for their environmental innovation. The Export-Import Bank (an independent federal agency) is focused in part on helping California small companies reach the overseas clients who are relying more and more on their alternative energy technology. Venture capital investment in clean-technology companies jumped 78% last year to $2.9 billion. This article goes on to discuss how this federal government program has helped California companies such as SunPower Corp. and PowerLight. __62.__ “Editorial: Erring on ethanol” __Los Angeles Times__ 22 May 2006, B10 This is a bit of an opinion piece regarding the Federal government (and therefore U.S. taxpayers) subsidizing the domestic ethanol industry with billions of dollars each year. Demand for ethanol has risen, while supply has not, which has begun to raise prices. This article also briefly discusses the possibility of the Federal government eliminating the 25 cent a gallon tariff on important ethanol (which will help to increase supply). However, the ethanol subsidizes will almost likely never be eliminated. __63.__ “Editorial: A Fresh Start on Energy” __The New York Times__ 14 May 2007, A18 This article discusses two energy bills that are currently active in the U.S. Congress. The first bill would accomplish three things: requires the quintupling of biofuel production (including ethanol from sources other then corn), mandate stronger efficiency standards for household appliances and lighting, and helps to build coal power plants that have the ability to capture and store emission of carbon dioxide. The second bill would raise the standard fuel economy of passenger vehicles from 25 to 35 miles per gallon over the next 10 years. The New York Times feels these bills need some work, but they are in support of the general ideas. __64.__ Leonhardt, David. “Commentary: U.S. Hybrids Get More Miles Per Congress.” __The New York__ __Times__ 21 June 2006, late ed.: C1 This article discusses the sales record and cost savings of hybrid vehicles. High gas prices and federal tax credits has driven sales since the first hybrid was build 10 years ago by Toyota. These tax credits help to motivate people to change their behavior. The author comments that the federal government is not good at predicting which alternative energy source will pan out. But what the government can do, that no one else can, is set up a simple system of rewards and penalties. Although this is a commentary piece, there is some good statistical information about hybrid sales in the U.S. and the fuel cost savings they provide. __65.__ Buchanan, Wyatt. “Energy Proposal Advances.” __San Francisco Chronicle__ 7 June 2007, B8 On June 6, 2007, a San Francisco Board of Supervisors Committee passed a measure to give city leaders an estimate of what the plan would cost ratepayers to have the city provide its own electricity from wind, sun, and fuel cells. The plan is to generate 360 mega watts from renewable energy sources of the 900 mega watts the city uses per day from a variety of non-alternative energy sources. Rate payers would have a choice to stay with their PG + E energy sources, or go with the renewable energy sources. However, a poll of 111 business owners in San Francisco was taken, with 75 percent believing PG + E would do a better job providing them power that the city. Magazine and Journal Articles __66.__ Goozner, Merrill. “Can Government Go Green? The Opportunity is There, but Market Forces Alone Won’t Realize It.” __The American Prospect__ 17.4 (April 2006): pA20(2) This four page magazine article discusses the federal government’s role in implementing alternative energy sources from President Carter through the current administration. The author is not too impressed with the current President’s energy policy of 2005, and feels it falls way short. In the U.S. market, the demand for hybrids, solar installations, and wind power has risen 30 percent annually. This article concludes with discussing the three energy consumption sectors in the U.S.: transportation, electricity generation, and the industrial/commercial/residential sectors. Some useful background information can be found here. Did you know that the U.S. spends $200,000 a minute on foreign oil! Read more about these stats in this article. __67.__ Smith, Jennifer. “The Allure of Alternatives: Legislatures are Promoting Renewable Energy Development through Various Incentives.” __State Legislatures__ 31.4 (April 2005): p16(3) This 8 page article discusses the efforts several of the U.S. state legislatures are doing to promote renewable energy. This article speaks directly to the class’s assignment, and is a great resource for your project. Forty-seven states have adopted incentive and mandate programs to encourage the use of alternative energy sources. These incentives include tax credits, grants, and loans. Only Arkansas, Georgia, and Kentucky lack these incentives. To date, 18 states have set some form of renewable energy objective, or portfolio standard, which requires energy suppliers to gradually increase their production of alternative energy. This article also discusses: funding goals set by each state, the energy summit for the western states, who supports and opposes renewable energy sources, and the percentage break-down of energy consumption in the U.S. This information source also highlights specifically what Minnesota and New Mexico are doing in this field. Again, this is a great information source to discover what U.S. states are doing to implement renewable energy sources. __68.__ Galiano, Tony. “Renewing the Energy Debate: States are Expanding Their Use of Renewable Energy to Protect Themselves from Fluctuating Energy Costs and to Rejuvenate Rural Economies.” __State Legislatures__ 28.4 (April 2002): p14(6) This is another article that discusses what state legislatures across the U.S. are proposing to implement alternative energy programs. It is twelve pages long and discusses wind power, consumer electricity demands, barriers to overcome that the wind industry is facing, the different approaches by each state, solar power programs, ocean current electricity generation, what each state is going to implement alternative energy programs (goes into detail about North Carolina), and geothermal power plants. Like the previous article, this source really dives into the particulars of the efforts of each of the U.S. state’s alternative energy initiatives. __69.__ Kamins, Sara, and Peter Meisen. “Public Renewable Energy Policy Call to Action (View on Renewables).” __Power Engineering__ 108.10 (Oct. 2004): p76(1) This article calls for subsidy reform of fossil fuels, because these subsidies keep fossil fuel artificially cheap, which discourages people from using alternative fuel sources. The International Energy Agency project alternative energy sources will increase 50% in 20 years, but that will still only be 8% of global energy consumption. However, this article does advocate for temporary subsidies for renewables to reward clean and energy-efficient technologies. Subsidies will be especially critical for developing countries. Tax incentives are also an important tool government can use to jump start the renewable energy industry. This article goes on to discuss what foreign countries are currently doing to assist their alternative energy programs and industry. __70.__ Hogan, Jenny, and Philip Cohen. “Is the Green Dream Doomed to Fail? Without Real Commitment and Substantial Subsidies Renewable Energy Sources Will Never Replace Fossil Fuels.” __New Scientist__ 183.2456 (July 17, 2004): p6(2) This article mainly focuses on actions the British government has taken to move toward the use of more alternative energy sources of energy. The article also touches on energy statistical data worldwide. For instance, in 2003, the British government passed a measure that required a 10 percent increase in renewable energy sources by 2010. The U.K. has also passed a Renewables Obligation measure which requires a certain portion of energy electricity distribution companies buy most be from renewable sources. This article concludes with a discussion about the United States usage of alternative energy sources. It warns if alternative energy is not more widely used soon, more countries will have to turn to nuclear power to meet its energy needs. __71.__ Renner, Michael. “The Killing of U.S. Alterative Energy R&D.” __World Watch__ 14.5 (Sept. 2001): p11 This article reviews the U.S. government’s energy research and development funding from President Carter through the current President. This funding has fluctuated greatly throughout the terms of these Presidents, peaking at 275 billion in 1978, to 50 billion under President Bush, Sr., to a level of 100 billion under President George W. Bush in 2001. This is a brief article, but it is full of very useful federal funding information for energy research and development.

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 * Hilary Straus, PPD-656, Political Management: Theory and Applied Techniques**
 * June 21, 2007

Annotated Bibliography—An Analysis of Public Sector Involvement in the Development and Implementation of Alternative Energy Sources**

Abelson, Philip H. “Energy Conservation Is Not Enough.” __Science__ 196, no. 4295 (June 10, 1977): 1159.

Abelson provides a critique of Carter’s National Energy Plan. The researcher points out that there was enormous public opposition to the plan, and he speculates that some “optimism might [have been] justified if the Plan provided substantially increased incentives for creation of new [energy] supplies” (p. 1159). However, Carter’s plan emphasized energy conservation … “providing no hope that America’s technological capabilities [to generate additional energy supply would] be effectively marshaled to help solve a deepening energy deficit” (p. 1159). Thus, a “missing element [was] inspiration,” and the failure of the plan to appeal to voters’ expectations to maintain standards of living was a key reason that the plan failed garner political support, an important lesson in the deliberation of energy policy alternatives (p. 1159).

Allen, Howard P. “Electric Utilities: Can They Meet Future Power Needs?” __Annals of the__ __American__ __Academy__ __of Political and Social Science__ 410 (November 1973): 86-96.

This article is written by a Senior Vice President for Southern California Edison, a large investor-owned utility serving Southern California. Allen argues for the need to develop a national energy policy in light of forecasted growth in energy demand, understanding that a multi-faceted approach, and approaches that balance environmental considerations with providing additional energy supply, will be needed. 1973, the year the article was written, was a watershed year for the United States in terms of energy moving to near the top of the national agenda, as the country faced its first major oil shock due to the Arab oil embargo. This article reflects the county’s attention toward considering alternative (to traditional polluting fossil fuels) and environmentally sensitive sources of energy. The focus on balancing expanding energy supply with environmental considerations reflects the new-found influence of the environmental movement (still in its infancy) in the United States (e.g., the creation of the first Earth Day three years earlier, and the recent establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)).

Angel, David P. “Green Gold: Japan, Germany, the United States, and the Race for Environmental Technology.” __Economic Geography__ 71, no. 3 (July 1995): 337-339

Angel reviews Moores’s and Miller’s book, __Green Gold: Japan, Germany, the United States and Race for Environmental Technology__. In the book, the authors argue that “A new policy approach [aimed at developing and implementing alternative energy technologies] is required in the United States” as the county is now “in danger of losing its competitive advantage to … Japan and Germany” (p. 338). The authors go onto to assert that “environmental regulation can benefit the economy by stimulating technological innovation and improving efficiency of firms and industries” (p. 338). The book also “examines the approach of Germany, Japan and the United States to the development of green technologies” (p. 338). This article, written in 1995, provides an overview of the Clinton administration’s efforts to promote alternative energy development through “various forms of public-private partnership, government seed funding, export promotion, government procurement,” and research and development (p. 338). The article will be helpful in highlighting the historical role of government in promoting alternative energy during the 1990s.

Asbury, Joseph G. and Ronald O. Mueller. “Solar Energy and Electric Utilities: Should They Be Interfaced?” __Science__ 195, no. 4277 (February 4, 1977): 445-450.

Asbury and Mueller conclude that “conventional electric utility systems and most solar energy systems represent a poor technological match. The basic problem is that both technologies are very capital intensive. The electric utility, because of the high fixed costs of generation, transmission, and distribution capacity represents a poor backup for solar energy systems. On the other hand, the solar collection system, because it represents pure, high-cost capital and because of its outage problems, cannot b e considered as a part-load source of auxiliary energy for the electric utility system” (p. 450). This article, when referenced with the Malott article, “Joint Operation of Municipal Utilities …” (below), highlights that the economic and operational viability of co-locating utility operations must be studied on a case-by-case basis.

Aspin, Les. “A Solution to the Energy Crisis: The Case for Increased Competition.” __Annals of__ __the American Academy of Political and Social Science__ 410 (November 1973): 154-168.

Aspin asserts that “Monopoly practices and concentration of power … [by] major oil companies have caused … [shortages] of fuel oil and gasoline supplies and the increase in prices of such fuels in the United States” (p. 154). The then-Congressman goes on to say that “These practices are found at four levels in the petroleum industry: production, refinement, transportation and marketing” (p. 154). Also, “the petroleum industry has undertaken horizontal expansion into other energy areas, such as coal and uranium; this suggests that the American consumer of energy will face … more problems, unless remedial action is taken” (p. 154). Aspen concludes by recommending that “Legislation designed to break apart the developing horizontal integration of petroleum companies and those in other energy areas should be seriously considered” (p. 154). This article highlights the effect the energy industry can have to exacerbate the problems of energy supply and price, caused in part by instability in oil producing regions of the world. Further, Aspin advocates that the federal government should play an activist role in regulating the energy industry.

Barkenbus, Jack N. “Federal Energy Policy Paradigms and State Energy Roles.” __Public__ __Administration Review__ 42, no. 5 (September-October 1982): 410-418.

Barkenbus presents “four … paradigms or models of government-market interaction with respect to energy. The article concludes that no one model for government involvement in energy policy has prevailed, changing from one presidential administration to another. This article, written in 1982, shortly after Regan took office, reflects the continued focus but lack of national consensus on energy policy as “The change from … Carter to … Regan … produced a striking shift in official perceptions of what constitutes legitimate government involvement in energy” (p. 416).

Bezdeck, Roger H. and William B. Taylor. “Allocating Petroleum Products during Oil Supply Disruptions.” __Science__ 212, no. 4501 (June 19, 1981): 1357-1363.

Bezdeck and Taylor acknowledge that “For the foreseeable future, the United States will be heavily dependent on imported oil. Political instability in several oil-exporting regions makes future disruptions possible” (p. 1357). Therefore, “In the event of a severe shortfall of long duration, government intervention … may be required, and allocation plans to moderate the effects of [a] shortfall [should] be evaluated (p. 1357). The authors analyze four “petroleum allocation options: (i) oil price and allocation controls, (ii) coupon gasoline rationing, (iii) a variable gasoline tax and rebate, and (iv) no oil price controls with partial rebates” (p. 1357). This article provides a good overview of oil rationing scenarios that could occur today as political unrest in the Middle East and America’s dependence on oil from that region continues.

Brannon, Gerard M. “U.S. Taxes on Energy Resources.” __The American Economic Review__ 65, no. 2 (May 1975): 397-404.

Brannon analyzes the impacts on the energy industry of several different tax measures, including: income taxes, property taxes, excise taxes, semi-taxes (import quotas, pro-rationing, environmental controls and natural gas price regulations). His analysis includes opinions from several researchers on each tax. Brannon then discusses what were at the time of the article, present tax issues. The researcher asserts that “With the current [high] oil prices, there is no need to protect a high-cost U.S. industry from the rigors of competition.” Brannon argues against the effectiveness of government-imposed price ceilings as they artificially keep demand high, and have the unintended affect of keeping world market prices high. The article concludes with an exploration of Project Independence’s energy policy recommendations, including “zero level of imports,” … [maintaining] reserves adequate to cover imports reduced by a feasible level of reduced consumption” (p. 402).

Bull, Thomas E. and John A. Turner. “Biomass in the Energy Picture.” __Science__ 285, no. 5431 (August 20, 1999): 1209-1210.

Bull asserts that biomass should be recognized for the large role it already plays in providing an alternative source of energy to oil, and for its potential to expand in use. Bull cites statistics provided by the federal government (the federal government’s data helps drive the policy deliberation) that “biomass accounts for 43% of the renewable energy used in the United States, second only to conventional hydroelectric power (51%). In contrast, solar accounts for 1% and wind for 5%” (p. 1209).

Burnett, W.M. and S.D. Ban. “Changing Prospects for Natural Gas in the United States.” __Science__ 244, no. 4902 (April 21, 1989): 305-310.

Burnett and Ban assert that “Natural gas has emerged as one of the primary options for satisfying the need for environmentally clean energy: the resource base is large, it is the cleanest burning of the fossil fuels, and it can be used effectively” (p. 305). Moreover, the researchers relay that the federal government has “established incentive prices for the pursuit of new natural gas resources” (p. 305).

Cigler, Beverly A. “Organizing for Local Energy Management: Early Lessons.” Public __Administration Review__ 41 no. 4 (July-August, 1981): 470-479.

This article highlights the potential role local governments can play in promoting energy conservation. Cigler reports that the article is “Set in the context of intergovernmental relations, [and] suggestions are made for providing the necessary policy guidance to local governments to enhance their potential role in conservation policy” (p. 470). This article can be useful in: 1) highlighting intergovernmental relations within a Federalist system (i.e., highlighting cooperation/coordination among different layers of government) to promote energy conservation policies and programs; 2) providing a historical view of energy conservation policy/program efforts (still in their infancy) in the late 1970s/early 1980s, a time of oil shocks, stagnant economic growth and inflation.

Clark, William C. and Nancy M. Dickson. “Sustainability Science: The Emerging Research Program.” __Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America__.” 100, no. 14 (July 8, 2003): 8059-8061.

This article catalogues efforts through the public, private and non-profit sectors, domestically and internationally, to form partnerships to develop new technologies to produce energy in an environmentally sensitive manner. While efforts differ in substance and structure world-wide, the authors point out that in 2003, there is a “shared view that the challenge of sustainable development is the reconciliation of society’s [energy needs] with the planet’s limits over the long term” (p. 8059). This article provides a good overview of efforts world-wide to form partnerships across the sectors to develop technologies for sustainable development, including alternative energy technologies.

Damon, Paul E. “Letters.” __Science__ 185, no. 4150 (August 9, 1974): 478 & 480.

This article includes several letters to the editor from readers responding to a special edition of __Science__ devoted to energy. W.E. Parkins notes that “One aspect [of energy related issues] not specifically analyzed is the effect of the rising costs of basic energy supplies on inflation” and the accompanying impact on the economy” (p. 478). Roe rails against the promises of new technology or development of alternative sources of energy as a panacea to solve energy shortages. Roe opines that additional energy will lead to additional demand. He asks “Can … a free society give no positive guidance to is own destiny?” (i.e., society should be looking at energy consumption in terms of life style and value choices about how society can live in a more ecologically sustainable way versus being caught up in the paradigm of increasing energy consumption of the moment). Other letters critique solar power (highlighting solar power’s limitations (based on early 1970s technology)), wind power’s limitations (due to its intermittent nature), and the need for conservation incentives for industrial energy consumption. This article provides a good snap-shot of scholarly attitudes toward a variety of energy technology and policy issues in the early 1970s. Many of the issues raised remain relevant in today’s energy technology and policy debate.

DeCarolis, Joseph F., David W. Keith, Mark Z. Jacobson and Gilbert M. Masters. “The Real Cost of Wind Energy.” __Science__ 294, no. 5544 (November 2, 2001): 1000-1001 & 1003 This article includes DeCarolis’s and Keith’s arguments against wind power and Jacobson’s and Masters’ rebuttal in favor of the energy source.

DeCarolis and Keith argue that given the “1.5 [cent] per kWH federal credit for wind energy procedures" and the purported economic competitivenss of producing wind energy versus more traditional nergy sources, such as coal, there should have been a large expansion of wind energy supply in the market place (p. 1000). No such expansion has occurred. The researchers opine that issues surrounding intermittency of power generation and the length/cost of transmission to major energy markets on both coasts are hindrances to the emergence of wind as a major energy source. In contrast, Jacobson and Masters argue that intermittency can be addressed by bringing more wind farms on-line so that different wind farms can offset each other to account for varying weather conditions. Also, there is a great “potential [for] wind power [generation] within 5 miles … of existing 230 kV or lower transmission lines. These wind farms would be developed first. Lastly, Jacobson and Masters assert that “Contrary to [DeCarolis’s and Keith’s] statement that “no wind boom has been observed, wind energy today has the fastest growth rate of any new source of electricity in the world.” (p. 1001). Moreover, Jacobson and Masters remind readers that while DeCarolis and Keith reference federal credits for wind producers, there have been and are “coal and natural gas subsidies, including exploration and mining tax credits, preferential loan interest rates for fossil-fuel power plants, long-term utility contract subsidies to coal, gas pipeline subsidies, and greater federal funding coal-and natural gas-technology programs, not to mention portions of the cost the U.S. Acid Deposition Program and U.S Environmental Protection Agency for cleanup and monitoring of pollution attributable to these industries” (pp. 1001 and 1003). This article illustrates the pros and cons of wind energy as a viable domestic, clean energy source. Barbara C. Farhar. “Trends: Public Opinion About Energy.” //The Public Opinion Quarterly//, 58, no. 4 (Winter 1994): 603-632.

Farhar “examines trends in the public’s definition of the energy situation, attitudes toward energy institutions, preferred energy alternatives, and preferences on transportation issues” (p. 603). The survey period is 1979-1993. The researcher reports that the public regards the energy supply situation as a serious public policy issue. Further, “Because the public has exhibited consistent preferences for energy efficiency and renewable energy for the past 15 years … energy alternatives may become more important in public policy in the years ahead” (p. 615). Farhar relays that “the data [shows that] public trust and confidence in traditional energy institutions is not high. Business as usual is becoming outmoded in the energy arena for a variety of complex reasons, of which public opinion is one” (p. 615). This article highlights that public opinion continued to focus on energy independence and environmental issues as an important public policy issue despite the decrease in the cost of oil on the world market during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Fields, Scott. “COAL: Poised for a Comeback?” Environmental Health Perspectives 112, no. 15 (November 2004): A888-A891.

Fields explores the prospects for coal to reemerge as a desired energy source due to new technology to extract energy from coal that is more environmentally friendly and coal’s large supply. Fields reports that “Although plentiful and available, coal had until recently fallen out of favor with U.S. utilities for new electric generation. … The deregulation of natural gas, partially in 1978, and then completely with the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989, drove down the cost of natural gas” (p. A890). Moreover “[utilities] … were steered by the Clinton administration, which encouraged natural gas use and discouraged coal use. As a result, through the 1980s and early 1990s, there were few new coal power plants built as the nation’s thirst for electric power continued” (p. A890). Fields relays that “It was also much faster to build a gas-fired plant … the permitting process for a coal plant takes two to three years, compared to about one year for a gas plant” (p. A890). But Field quotes experts who agree that “‘Coal will be part of the energy future of the Unites States” due in part to the inability of renewable energy sources to fully meet growing energy demand in future years. This article highlights the tradeoffs in terms of supply, price, environmental impacts, government regulation, and dependence on foreign countries that are being deliberated as the United States attempts to address increased demand for energy. The article also highlights the influential role that the federal government can play in advancing or hindering one energy source versus another.

Fusso, Thomas E. “The Polls: The Energy Crisis in Perspective.” __The Public Opinion Quarterly__ 42, no. 1 (Spring 1978): 127-136.

Fusso provides results to surveys conducted of Americans regarding energy issues, comparing responses in 1974 and three years later in 1977. Survey results show: 1) that in the late 1970s, an overwhelming majority of Americans continued to believe that the energy supply situation in the country was serious; 2) a large majority of Americans supported reduced speed limits to conserve fuel; 3) Americans preferred gas taxes to rationing; 4) the public did not strongly support President Carter’s energy plan because, in part, it called for too many sacrifices. A study of survey results during the energy crisis of the 1970s provides a snapshot of consumer sentiments of that time, and can be compared with consumer sentiments concerning energy saving measures of today. However, a comparison of consumer preferences today versus the 1970s must account for new technologies/options for alternative sources of energy/fuel (e.g., hybrid/clean diesel, flex-fuel vehicles enabling use of ethanol) not available to consumers in the 1970s.

Goldman, Marshall I. “Red Black Gold.” __Foreign Policy__ 8 (Autumn 1972): 138-148.

Goldman states that “American commercial and foreign policy is ….being affected by some notable [developments] in East-West trade (p. 138). Goldman chronicles the former Soviet Union’s activity in the world-wide energy/oil market. The researcher outlines that “There are basically three types of approaches the Russians have used: direct exports, swap sales and foreign refining and marketing” (p. 142). Goldman’s overview provides insight into modern-day Russia’s potential and real impact on oil/energy/American foreign policy. The researcher highlights that Russian oil in the world market is adding to supply, and thus, keeping oil prices down for consumers (p.147). Also, Goldman states that Russian oil provides the United States and western allies with another source of oil, other than the Middle East, making the west less vulnerable to Arab oil embargos. In light of concerns over Middle Eastern oil (then and now), Goldman acknowledges the utility of having Soviet/Russian oil on the international market, and does not believe that American dependence on Russian oil (i.e. to satisfy a portion of American oil needs) poses a serious national security threat.

Gulick, Frances Anderson. “Energy-Related Legislation Highlights of the 93rd Congress and a Comparison of Three Energy Plans before the 94th Congress.” __Public Administration__ __Review__ 35, no. 4 (July-August 1975): 346-354.

Gulick catalogs the 93rd Congress’ energy policy actions and actions pending during this article, written in 1975. The 93rd Congress presided during the country’s first major energy crisis in 1973. Gulick reports that as a response to the crisis, this Congress “involved itself in energy-related legislation on an unprecedented scale” (346). This Congress enacted legislation concerning: 1) encouraging conservation of supply and use of energy; 2) managing and expanding energy supplies (e.g., Trans-Alaska pipeline); 3) developing commercial application of solar and geothermal energy technology; 4) implementing several organizational changes to reduce the fragmented pattern of energy policy formation and program implementation (p. 346). Also, Gulick highlights that several issues are pending for the following Congress when it convenes, including: 1) end use rationing and mandatory conservation; 2) revisions in oil and gas depletion allowances and other long-standing petroleum production incentives; 3) deregulation of natural gas; 4) petroleum pricing problems; 5) petroleum import policy. This article illustrates the activism of the Federal government in addressing energy options and energy delivery during the mid-1970s Also, the article shows how reactive the public sector can be in formulating and implementing policy after a policy or issue crisis versus pro-actively avoiding the crisis.

Hammond, Allen L. and William D. Metz. “Solar Energy Research: Making Solar After the Nuclear Model? __Science__ 197, no. 4300 (July 15, 1977): 241-244.

Hammond and Metz relay that the federal government’s focus on developing large, central solar collection facilities ignores the potential of this energy source to be produced in smaller, lower cost and more diffuse ways. One critic described the federal government solar energy program as “‘creating solar technologies in the image of nuclear power’” despite the fact that solar energy generation and the economics of it are very different from nuclear power (p. 241). The researchers go on to say that “One consequence of this R&D emphasis on large-scale, long-range systems is to distort economic and policy assessments of solar energy based on the current program, within the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and in higher levels of the government” (p. 241). This article highlights how government policy, when not oriented in an optimal way, can stymie the emergence of new technology and limit policy choices.

Hatfield, Craig Bond. “Natural Gas Exploration.” __Science__ 219, no. 4580 (January 7, 1983): 10.

Hatfield, a public university professor, questions an article’s assertion published in __Science__ that methane and biomass fuel will play a major and expanding role in supplying energy to the United States. Hatfield contends that “The American Gas Association for decades has expressed confidence that much more natural gas will be discovered, but such confidence has not prevented a 25 percent decrease in our nation’s proved reserves of natural gas during the last 10 years, in spite of tremendous growth in rates of exploration for it” (p. 10). The article highlights the on-going debate over alternative fuel sources and the role that publicly-funded academicians and trade associations play in policy deliberations concerning energy.

Henderson, Lenneal J. “Energy Policy and Urban Fiscal Management.” Public Administration Review 41, (January 1981): 158-164.

Henderson reports that “the vast majority of America’s … public utility networks, industries and commercial establishments [in] urban areas will … be affected by and respond to urban energy policies” (p. 158). Thus, Henderson opines that energy issues at the local level are important to study in considering energy conservation and supply policy alternatives. In this analysis, Henderson argues that (1) as energy prices continue to rise, urban fiscal systems will experience more pressure to improve energy management; (2) that energy-induced fiscal strain will result in new patterns of intergovernmental fiscal relations; (3) that energy-related urban fiscal management must balance not only energy conservation decisions and tax and expenditures decisions but also energy conservation, development and social decisions; and (4) as a result, urban fiscal managers have an unprecedented opportunity to introduce innovative management techniques which interrelate energy conservation, production and socioeconomic dimensions” (p. 158). This article highlights the necessity to include local governments in federal and state energy policy deliberations, and to enact energy policies that are analyzed with regard to their local impact.

Hirsh, Richard F. “Controlling the Atom: The Beginnings of Nuclear Regulation, 1946-1962.” __The Business History Review__ 59, no. 3 (Autumn, 1985): 508-510.

This book review by Richard Hirsh highlights how the authors George Mazauzan and J. Samuel Walker provide a “descriptive and chronological account of the peaceful atom’s regulatory history” (p. 510). Hirsh says that the book “provides the legislative and institutional basis for understanding the successes of America’s peaceful atomic program” at the same time “[describing] the roots in legislation and politics that explain why the nuclear industry today is not what the dreamers and business leaders expected forty years ago [(mid-1940s)]” (p. 510). This book provide historical detail about creation of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), its “contradictory mandates to promote and regulate peaceful nuclear power” and its eventual break-up into two agencies in the mid-to-late 1970s, the Department of Energy, charged with promoting nuclear power and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), for regulating nuclear power.

Hoffman, Kenneth C. and Dale W. Jorgenson. “Economic and Technological Models for Evaluation of Energy Policy.” __The Bell Journal of Economics__ 8, no. 2 (Autumn 1977): 444-466.

Hoffman and Jorgenson “[present] a new approach for policy assessment, integrating process analysis and econometric models that have been used extensively in energy policy analysis and technology assessment. [The researchers] illustrate the application of this approach by an analysis of a national research, development and demonstration plan for the United States” (p. 444). Hoffman and Jorgenson report that “integration of process analysis and econometric models, using an extended accounting framework for interindustry transactions, has proved to be feasible” (p. 465). Notwithstanding, the researchers did not undertake a “comprehensive evaluation of alternative energy policies” (p. 465). Hoffman and Jorgenson report that “A great deal of additional research will be required to develop the most appropriate framework for evaluation of alternative energy policies” (p. 465). Theoretical models such as Hoffman’s and Jorgenson’s are helpful in evaluating energy policy alternatives to assist policy makers.

Holton, W. Conrad. “Power Surge: Renewed Interest in Nuclear Energy.” __Environmental Health__ __Perspectives__ 113, no. 11 (November 2005): A742-A749.

Holton assesses the state of the nuclear industry fifty years after its inception. The researcher reminds readers that the “civilian nuclear power industry was created through U.S. government-electric utility industry cooperation that officially began with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954” (p. A745). Moreover, “The fostering of nuclear energy was woven into many U.S. foreign policy initiatives during the early days of the Cold War” (A745). Today, “rising concerns about the cost and security of energy supplies and global climate change have reframed the debate in terms more favorable for [the development/expansion of] nuclear power” (p. A743). The article provides a good historical overview of nuclear power, the federal government’s role in promoting it, and the current outlook for the expansion of nuclear energy.

Holzman, David C. “Driving up the Cost of Clean Air.” __Environmental Health Perspectives__ 113 no. 4 (April 2005): A246-A249.

Holzman describes costs associated with the burning of fossil fuels not captured in most cost analyses (such as externalities, e.g., defense costs to ensure a continuous supply of oil from the Persian Gulf, costs of climate change, or air pollution), or are not readily apparent (such as federal regulations, e.g., fuel economy of (CAFE) standards, EPA Tier 1 and 2 regulations (it is forecasted that Tier 2 regulations, when fully implemented, will add $100-$200 to the cost of new car), or the removal of sulfur from gasoline (projected to add approximately $.02 per gallon at the pump)). Other measures designed to improve air quality, but could add cost include: 1) a new proposed federal system … which would have financial implications for car manufacturers (whose vehicle emit greenhouse gas emissions), whereby “car manufacturers would receive fuel economy credits for exceeding the target fleet average, and instead of meeting the target, they could buy credits from other manufacturers or the government. The prospect of selling extra credits might motivate manufacturers to boost fuel economy beyond the target [(cap-and-trade system)]” (p. A249); 2) a gasoline tax, which could function like a carbon tax and could “[address] the fuel-related externality of carbon dioxide emissions and the resulting climate change (p. A249); 3) “So-called feebates … would provide a rebate to buyers of cars and trucks that exceed a fuel economy benchmark, and charge a fee to buyers of cars that miss the benchmark” (p. A249); 4) scrap-and-replace program “for low-income households, which would get what are traditionally the least efficient cars off the road, and provide poorer families with reliable, affordable personal transportation” (p. A249). This article provides an overview of current and potential policy options to provide incentives for car manufacturers to produce and consumers to purchase vehicles that emit few greenhouse gas emissions.

Kahn, Matthew E. “New Evidence on Trends in Vehicle Emissions.” __The RAND Journal of__ __Economics__ 27, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 183-196.

Kahn reports that “Aggregate vehicle emissions have fallen even though total miles driven have increased” (p. 183). In this analysis, Kahn “uses two new cross-sectional databases to study vehicle emissions profiles. [He found] evidence of large differences in vehicle emissions across model years, makes and sizes. These findings are relevant for evaluating the benefits of previous regulatory efforts and for predicting the benefits of further vehicle regulation” (p. 183). A key insight Kahn makes is that “emissions [fell] when new-car emissions [regulations] became more stringent” (p. 194). Kahn’s analysis highlights the impact of federal regulations on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and implies that federal regulations should be a part of future energy policy choices.

Kazimi, Camilla. “Valuing Alternative-Fuel Vehicles in Southern California. __The American__ __Economic Review__ 87, no. 2 (May 1997): 265-271.

At the time this article was written, the California Air Resources Board had mandated that ten percent of all new vehicles sold in California be zero-emitting electric vehicles in 2003. The Air Resources Board has since backed away from the zero-emitting vehicle requirement. Kazimi uses a microsimulation model developed by researchers at the Institute of Transportation Studies (ITS) at the University of California to study greenhouse gas emissions reduction “under three market conditions: (i) households can only purchase gasoline cars; (ii) households can purchase gasoline, compressed natural gas (CNG), or methanol vehicles; and (iii) households can purchase gasoline, CNG, methanol, or electric vehicles” (p. 265). Kazimi reports his findings for each scenario, and concludes/summarizes that emissions savings/benefits found under each scenario “on a per capital basis [will only] increase from $1.67 per person to $11.30 per person” which are not significant gains/benefits in relation to the costs (p. 265). Also, Kazimi questions whether the “benefits outweigh the costs associated with the current mandates” (p. 265).

Klausner, Samuel Z. “The Energy Social System.” __Annals of the American Academy of Political__ __and Social Science__, 444 (July 1979): 1-22.

Klausner asserts that “Growing governmental involvement in energy activities has contributed to politicizing relations among energy suppliers and energy consumers within nations”(p. 1). The researcher also says that public policy deliberations about energy have redrawn the political map with regard to alliances among national states and groups within states (p. 1). Further, there is increased attention on “political action governing resources allocation” (p. 1). This article highlights the impact of energy policy on society, internationally and within countries (among interest groups).

Kunce, Mitch, Shelby Gerking and William Morgan. “Effects of Environmental and Land Use Regulation in the Oil and Gas Industry Using the Wyoming Checkerboard as an Experimental Design.” __The American Economic Review__ 92, no. 5 (December 2002): 1588-1593.

Kunce, Gerking and Morgan “[estimate] the extra costs for drilling for oil and gas on federal land as compared to private land in Wyoming” near Union Pacific Railroad right-of-way (p. 1588). The researchers’ data “suggest that average drilling costs per well are about $200,000 higher on federal property than on private property. This difference is attributable to more stringent enforcement of environmental and land use regulations on federal land” (p. 1588). The researchers state that their cost estimates “have several implications for both public policy and future research. One policy issue is whether drilling regulations should be more stringently enforced on federal land than on other types of land” (p. 1593). Kunce, Gerking and Morgan state that the “A second issue relates to possible reductions in output of oil and gas due to more stringent enforcement of regulations on federal property. Reduced output from currently reserves may add incentives to explore in the most environmentally sensitive areas (i.e., national parks and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) sooner than otherwise” (p. 1593). In addition, the researchers state that “A third issue is concerned with effects on production tax revenue in states that apply these types of taxes. Federal policies that restrict output [could] force such states to cut back on public service expenditures or fund public services from other revenue sources. Thus, it is easy to see why public officials in states such as Wyoming, New Mexico and Alaska with large amounts of federal property rely that rely heavily on mineral production tax revenue to finance public services [would] be vocal opponents of more stringent environmental and land use regulation” (p. 1593). This article provides a good analysis of the impact of environmental and land use regulations on energy politics and intergovernmental relations.

Lambright, W. Henry & Albert H. Teich. “Policy Innovation in Federal R&D: The Case for Energy.” __Public Administration Review__ 39, no. 2 (March-April, 1979): 140-147.

The article explores the change in national research and development policy making in energy as a way to highlight the general process “by which these R&D priorities are formed, wax, and wane. Who is behind these changes? Who promotes, who opposes? How well do R&D priorities reflect the nation’s needs and capabilities?” (p. 140). Using energy policy, this article provides a review of factors that account for policy change and innovation by the Federal government. This is a “period piece” highlighting the focus/attention on energy conservation policies and programs during the Carter administration.

Levi, Daniel J. and Elaine E. Holder. “Psychological Factors in the Nuclear Power Controversy.” __Political Psychology__ no. 3 (September 1988): 445-457.

Levi and Holder surveyed students at California Polytechnic State University, located near the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant to assess psychological factors concerning nuclear energy. The researchers finding were as follows: “Nuclear power proponents and opponents were equally knowledgeable about nuclear power factual information, but … [supporters] expressed more trust in the credibility of information received from government and industry officials and were more trusting that the officials would protect the public” (p. 445). The survey provides a good snapshot concerning voter attitudes toward nuclear energy during the late 1980s. Survey results may be useful today as renewed interest in nuclear energy is increasing.

Light, Alfred R. “Federalism and the Energy Crisis: A View from the States.” __Publius__, 6, no. 1 (Winter, 1976): 81-96.

This analysis examines the “evolution of the state role in the 1973-74 energy crisis and the new responsibilities the states assumed during that period and which they continue to exercise” (p. 82). Light goes on to say that “The basic theme is that the states, while performing admirably under the emergency conditions of 1973-74, [had] not yet [(as of the late 1970s)] adequately developed their potential to contribute to energy policy-making, program implementation, and administration” (p. 82). Also, “What is true for the federal government is true for the states as well. Unless policy-makers reexamine the makeshift mechanisms which they quickly created during the crisis to handle immediate problems, their ‘crisis’ decisions, which in many cases [were] something other what careful policy analysis would prescribe, may hamper the states’ development of a helpful role in a national energy system” (pp. 82-83). This article highlights the reactive approach government has taken with regard to energy policy, noting that soon after the initial energy crisis of the late 1970s passed, the attention shifted away from energy and to the stagnating economy of the late 1970s, again, another reaction to events unfolding.

Light, Alfred R. “The Governors’ Push for Emergency Energy Powers.” __Publius__ 10, no. 1 (Winter 1980): 57-67

Light reports that “In early 1979, the governors moved to fill a policy vacuum created by stalemate and recriminations over national energy policy. The states’ willingness to seize the initiative on energy emergency matters stemmed from … three factors: 1) national interest in energy conservation as the chief short-term solution to energy-related woes; 2) a recent history of intergovernmental interaction and legislation, laying the foundation for state involvement in energy conservation and energy emergency programs; and 3) the easy incorporation of those programs within the governors’ overall strategy for enhancing their influence in the American federal system” (p. 59). This article highlights intergovernmental relations between the federal and state governments, and the impact that decisions made at the state level had on federal policy and the overall public sector response to the oil shortage of 1979.

Lincoln, G.A. “Energy Conservation.” __Science__ 180, no. 4082 (April 13,1973): 155-162.

Lincoln asserts that “the energy [supply] problem must … be attacked [in part] from the standpoint of energy conservation. The forthcoming rise in prices will …make more attractive some forms of conservation which at [the time the article was written were] economically marginal” (p. 161). Moreover, “Existing capabilities and technology, on which short- and midterm improvements must be based, appear to offer substantial possibilities for reducing U.S, energy consumption within the next decade” (p. 161). Notwithstanding, Lincoln argues that “technological advances alone will not [promote conservation]. The problem [of using too much energy] spans on only the traditional physical and engineering sciences but also the sciences which deal with human attitudes and actions, that is, the social sciences, and includes a more fundamental understanding of underlying economic principles” (p. 161). This article illustrates the increased focus on energy supply and energy usage leading up to the Arab oil embargo.

Malott, E. Orth. “Joint Operation of Municipal Utilities in Wisconsin.” __The Journal of Land &__ __Public Utility Economics__ 6, no. 2 (May 1930): 196-203.

Malott catalogues the number of local government-owned power generation plants (e.g., steam, gas/oil/hydro) that are co-located with other city utilities (e.g., water). Malott explains that the co-location of utility functions creates economies of financial and operating scale. This article, written nearly eighty years ago, highlights local governments’ involvement in power generation (still seen today in select cities (e.g., Roseville, CA) and in large, municipal electric utilities (e.g., Los Angeles’ Department of Water and Power (DWP) and the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD)). Consequently, public officials at the local level can and will participate in policy deliberations concerning energy, and local government interests must be considered when formulating energy policy options.

Margolis, Robert M. and Daniel M. Kammen. “Underinvestment: The Energy Technology and R&D Policy Challenge.” Science 285, no. 5428 (July 30, 1999): 690-692.

Margolis and Kammen “examine data on international trends in energy research and development (R&D) funding, patterns of U.S. energy technology patents and R&D funding, and U.S. R&D intensities across selected sectors. The data present a disturbing picture: (i) Energy technology funding levels have declined significantly during the past two decades throughout the industrial world; (ii) U.S. R&D spending and patents, both overall and in the energy sector, have been highly correlated during the past two decades; and (iii) the R&D intensity of the U.S. energy sector is extremely low” (p. 690). The researchers argue “that recent cutbacks in energy R&D are likely to reduce the capacity of the energy sector to innovate” (p. 690). Margolis and Kammen conclude by stating that “The trends are particularly troubling given the need for increased international capacity to respond to emerging risks such as global climate change” (p. 690). This article highlights energy sector R&D spending in the United States, and suggests the lack of focus on energy sector R&D will result in many more problems for the United States beyond inadequate energy supply. Articles such as this one are important to add to energy policy deliberations in this country with regard to identifying priorities and spending.

Metz, William D. “Oil Shale: A Huge Resource of Low-Grade Fuel.” __Science__ 184, no. 4143 (June 21, 1974): 1271-1272 and 1274-275.

Metz reports that due to significant increases in the cost of oil, the economics of oil shale production have improved. However, environmental and technological limitations will curb oil shale’s production for the foreseeable future. Metz asserts that “The actual amount of shale oil extracted will also depend heavily on government policies. The Department of the Interior, which control 80 percent of the rich shale lands, is currently leasing six small … tracts for development” (p. 1271). Metz goes on to say that production will be limited “even with an expanded leasing program, unless the government provides substantial economic incentives, such as guaranteed loans, rapid amortization of plants, import restrictions, or a price floor” (p. 1271). The article highlights the importance of public sector involvement in the energy sector to enable alternative energy sources to become economically viable.

Morton, Rogers C.B. “The Nixon Administration Energy Policy.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 410 (November 1973): 65-74.

This article was written by President Nixon’s Secretary of the Interior, Rogers C.B. Morton. Morton frames the discussion of energy policy by stating that “the nation was, and continues to be, in a period transition from a long era of cheap and abundant indigenous energy and neglect of environmental consequences to one of scarcity of acceptable clean fuels, growing dependence on foreign energy imports, inadequate development of alternative clean energy sources and a growing interest in maintaining or enhancing environmental values” (p. 65). Morton highlights several tenets of the Nixon administration’s energy policy, including: policies/programs to “stimulate increased utilization of all energy sources found within the United States, including … the outer continental shelf, and [removal] of artificial price and bureaucratic barriers which restrict the flow of gas and oil to markets” (p. 65). Morton relays that there are growing suggestions to reorganize the executive branch to “enhance the government’s ability to perceive and respond to energy problems and opportunities” (p. 65). These discussions ultimately led to the creation of the Department of Energy in 1977. This article provides a good historical view of the federal government’s energy policy and deliberations in the early 1970s, a time of transition from abundant energy to energy scarcity and environmental considerations.

Mossop, Grant D. “Geology of the Athabasca Oil Sands.” __Science__ 207, no. 4427 (January 11, 1980): 145-152.

This article has a more technical than public policy focus about the oil sands of Alberta. Alberta’s oil sands were recently featured on “60 Minutes,” and though the mining method is complex and expensive, due to the increasing cost of oil, the economics of extracting oil from Alberta’s oil sands are becoming more favorable. Alberta maintains a lobbying presence in Washington, DC to encourage a favorable legal and regulatory environment for the importation of oil from Alberta’s oil sands. Mossop reports that oil “resources in the Alberta oil sands are estimated at 1350 billion barrels” (p. 145). The researcher goes on to say that “By comparison, the Prudhoe Bay field, which is one of the ten largest conventional oil pools in the world, contains approximately 15 billion barrels. The total … reserves [in] Alberta … are now estimated at … almost twice the recoverable conventional reserves in the entire world” (p. 145).

Murray, James R., Michael J. Minor, Norman M. Bradburn, Robert F. Cotterman, Martin Frankel Alan E. Pisarski. “Evolution of Public Response to the Energy Crisis.” __Science__ 184, no. 4134 (April 19, 1974): 257-263.

This article provides an overview of survey results concerning public sentiment about the energy crisis of 1973-74. The survey data was collected “to provide federal agencies with data relevant to program and policy issues” related to energy supply and use (p. 257). The researchers report that “The general picture that emerges from the survey data is that while a majority of the public consider the energy shortage an important problem, only about 25 percent [felt] that it is the most important problem facing the county [at that time]” (p. 257). Moreover, “Agreement [was] widespread that responsibility for the energy crisis [lay] most heavily on the federal government and oil companies” (p. 257). Also, “there [was] … a prevailing sentiment that the federal government [was] not handling the situation well” (pp. 257-258).

“Ongoing U.S. Efforts to Curb Iran’s Nuclear Program.” __The American Journal of International__ __Law__ 100, no. 2 (April 2006): 480-485.

This journal article chronicles the Unites States and European allies UK, France and Germany to implement a “carrots and sticks” diplomacy with Iran to convince the middle eastern nation to abandon its pursuit of a nuclear program capable of producing nuclear weapons. In this diplomacy, the European nations are assuming a “good cop” role in attempting to negotiate a series of incentives for Iran to abandon its program. The United States has assumed the “bad cop” role of suggesting more robust action (including not ruling out military action) against the regime in Tehran should Iran fail to abandon its nuclear program. The situation with Iran illustrates the dangers of nuclear proliferation, security issues, and international relations surrounding nuclear energy.

Orr, David W. “U.S. Energy Policy and the Political Economy of Participation.” __The Journal of__ __Politics__ 41, no. 4 (November 1979): 1027-1056.

In this essay, Orr asserts that “energy policy most directly involves politics and ethics” (p. 1027). Orr “[discusses:] what is meant by the energy transition, … three broad perspectives on energy policy, …. [and] an argument for extending participation in both policy-making and policy implementation” (p. 1027). The researcher “[argues] that greater public involvement in the energy sector [will] broaden the public interest, promote equity in the distribution of payoffs, increase public accountability, and improve social resilience” to technological innovation in energy production and distribution (pp. 1027-1028). Orr concludes by saying that “issues of energy policy and the technological choices entailed present more of a challenge to our political creativity than to our technical genius” (p. 1028). This essay highlights the challenges the public sector has faced historically (and continues to face) in developing a national consensus on the promotion of various environmentally sensitive energy generating sources.

Ovshinsky, SR, MA Fetcenko and J. Ross. “A Nickel Metal Hydride Battery for Electric Vehicles." Science 260, no. 5105 (April 9, 1993): 176-181.

This article describes the new battery technology, Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), from the early 1990s. The battery would become an important component for electric vehicles. The researchers point out that in the early 1990s, “U.S. federal and state governments [had] been providing an impetus for the development of an EV industry through legislation aimed at increasing national energy independence and reducing the impact of automobile emissions on the environment” (p. 176). As one example, “A comprehensive energy bill passed by Congress [contained] a tax credit for EV buyers. [The] bill also requires state and federal governments to purchase alternative-fuel fleet vehicles with the percentage of new, cleaner fuel vehicles growing to 90% by … 2000” (p. 176). This article highlights the role the government can play in encouraging new technologies and new markets.

Pool, Robert. “Solar Cells Turn 30.” __Science__ 241, no. 4868 (August 19, 1988): 900-901.

Pool discusses the significance of the solar power industry having developed a photovoltaic cell that converts up to 30% of the light energy that hits it into electricity. Pool highlights that “the cost of solar power depends on two factors. The first is the efficiency of the solar cell … The second factor is the cost to produce the cells and to put them into operation” (p. 900). Given the two factors, Pool asks “So what does hitting the “Three-Oh” mean to solar power effort? In practical terms, very little” as the cost of producing solar energy [was at the time of this article] much more expensive other energy sources (p. 901). This article highlights the economics of producing electricity from one source versus another, and that solar energy generation still had a long way to go before it would be viable as a primary source of energy generation.

Regens, James L. “Energy Conservation and the States: Approaches to Implementing National Policy.” __Publius__ 10, no. 1 (Winter 1980): 47-56.

Regens asserts that the “initial policy response [to the energy crisis of the 1970s] by the federal government and the states focused attention on the most visible aspects of what [was] really a ‘petroleum crisis’ in the short term (p. 47). However, “as easily demonstrable aspects of the supply-demand imbalance began to fade, years of apathy and neglect suddenly were replaced by scapegoat politics” (pp. 47-48). There was “conflict and uncertainty over intergovernmental relationships in such … areas as resource development, facility siting, nuclear waste management, and fuel allocation priorities” (p. 48). Consequently, the researcher opines that “since the [1973 oil] embargo, heated debate rather than consensus on the challenges and responses of energy policy has been the dominant national response” (p. 48). Moreover, Regens says that “as Americans [entered] into the 1980s, the social and political climate [did] not yet appear to be conducive to the implementation of comprehensive energy policies” (p. 48). This article highlights that the system of checks and balances and separation of powers in a federalist system in the United States has created structural/organizational challenges to developing a comprehensive energy policy. The result has been short-term and incremental policy responses to the energy problems (supply and environmental), and tension and confusion over roles between the federal government and the states.

Robinson, Arthur L. “Energy Storage (II): Development Advanced Technologies.” __Science__ 184, no. 4139 (May 24, 1974): 884-887.

Robinson asserts that development of energy storage technologies is important for utilities to better manage energy supplies and to support new technologies such as electric vehicles. A number of researches working at public universities, such as the University of Wisconsin at Madison, and at national laboratories, such as Los Alamos, are working to improve energy storage technology. However, Robinson reports that “Despite the importance of energy storage, the activity as indicated by funding can only be described as modest. The largest advanced storage research program in the federal government belongs to the Atomic Energy Commission” with its largest expenditures in the energy storage area “going toward batteries” (p. 887). This article highlights the efforts in the public sector to develop a new energy supply technology.

Rosa, Eugene A., Gary E. Machlis and Kenneth M. Keating. “Energy and Society.” __Annual__ __Review of Sociology__ 14 (1988): 149-172.

The researchers report that this “review traces key themes and arguments in the sociology of energy and critically evaluates the literature” (p. 149). The analysis is organized into four sections: “energetic theories of society, macrosociology of energy, microsociology of energy, … energy policy, and other special topics. A concluding section assesses the state of the field and speculates on its future directions” (p. 149). This article provides an overview of the historical trends in the relationship of energy and society at the societal and personal/household levels. Written in 1988, the authors opine that while no energy crisis existed at that time, “it would be comforting to believe that [energy demand] is being adequately addressed, so that few sociologically relevant energy problems remain and chances of future crises are slim. Unfortunately, … [an] energy crisis is over until we have our next energy crisis” (p. 168). Placing energy within a sociological framework highlights the impact that societal conditions have on energy policy versus technological break-throughs and/or limitations.

Rosa, Eugene A. and Riley E. Dunlap. “Poll Trends: Nuclear Power: Three Decades of Public Opinion.” __The Public Opinion Quarterly__ 58, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 295-324.

Rosa and Dunlap chronicle public support for nuclear power. The researchers report that throughout most of the 1970s, “Americans were enthusiastic about the growth of nuclear power; a second stage of ambivalence following [the Three Mile Island incident in March 1979]; and a third stage—emerging in the early 1980s—when a decisive majority of Americans opposed building more nuclear power plants” (p. 297). Polling data also indicated a correlation in the early 1980s with the public’s concerns over the expansion of the country’s nuclear bomb arsenal and concerns over any expansion in nuclear power. A paradox that the researchers found was that “on the one hand, solid majorities of the public [opposed] … more nuclear plants … on the other [hand], equally solid majorities believe that nuclear power should be and will be an important energy source in the future” (p. 305). Survey data also highlighted the public’s concerns about the “siting of a permanent repository to store large and growing volumes of nuclear wastes” (p. 305). The polling data from the early 1990s may also reflect the low price of oil and lack of urgency at that time concerning greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on climate change.

Rosapepe, James Carew and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. “Letters.” __Foreign Policy__ 41 (Winter 1980-1981): 188-190.

This article includes a letter to the editor from James Carew Rosapepe, a public member of the Emergency Preparedness Committee at the National Petroleum Council, critiquing Nye’s article in __Foreign Policy__, entitled “Energy Nightmares,” and Nye’s rebuttal of Rosapepe’s critique. Rosapepe disagrees with Nye’s assertion that an increased gas tax will address short-term supply problems should the country experience another acute gas shortage. Instead, Rosapepe argues that developing a workable gas rationing plan is a better approach. In response, Nye asserts that there are different ways that a gas tax can be applied to address some of the specific concerns Rosapepe raises. Nye concedes that the researcher “agrees with Rosapepe that we should try to improve the efficiency and equity of rationing plans because we may be forced to use them” (p. 190). This article provides a window into the debate over short-term solutions to the energy crisis in the 1970s, solutions, which could be relevant today should the United States face another acute gas shortage.

Schipper, Lee. “Another Look at Energy Conservation.” __The American Economic Review__ 69, no. 2 (May 1979): 362-368.

Schipper explores energy conservation measures and their potential to play a role in addressing the energy supply problem. Schipper points out that new technologies will aid businesses and residences to use less power with new, more energy efficient manufacturing machines and processes and more energy efficient home appliances. Building construction methods and HVAC systems are more efficient than in the past. Schipper also advocates for higher gas mileage standards and higher gas taxes (or taxes assessed based upon a car’s fuel economy or weight) to encourage energy/fuel conservation (p. 366). Schipper concludes by stating that “massive government intervention in all areas of energy supply will be necessary if energy supplies are to double [in the twenty-first century]” (p. 367). The article highlights the importance of energy conservation, and the role that new technology will play to promote energy conservation.

Solow, John L. “General Equilibrium Incidence of Energy Taxation.” __Southern Economic__ __Journal__ 51, no. 4 (April 1985): 1018-1030.

Solow contends that “The pervasiveness of energy in the economy and numerous ways in which energy taxation can distort resource allocations implies the necessity of a general equilibrium approach to the question of energy tax incidence” (p. 1019). The researcher develops a model to study the impact of “three broadly-based energy taxation policies; a tax on all energy consumption, a subsidy to domestic energy production, and a tariff on energy imports” (p. 1019). Solow concludes by stating that his analysis “confirms the necessity of addressing tax incidence issues in the context of a general equilibrium framework. This is … important in the case of energy taxation, given the many avenues for these taxes to distort economic decisions. [Moreover, Solow contends that his] model enables us to measure the backward shifting that … is crucial to the determination of progressivity, and to identify the aspects of the economy to which the results are sensitive” (p. 1030). Analytical models, such as Solow’s, are important to assess the economic impacts of energy conservation policy alternatives.

Spero, Joan Edelman. “Energy Self-Sufficiency and National Security.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 31, no. 2 (December 1973): 123-136.

Spero provides an assessment of the United States’ security tied to its energy policy and energy supply. The researcher states that a “real national-security problem would occur in the event of a general, nonnuclear war of long duration” as energy self-sufficiency would be compromised (p. 124). Spero points out that “Self-sufficiency [is] crucial in a long, general nonnuclear war” (e.g., access to domestic oil supplies was a key reason that the United States prevailed in World War II). Notwithstanding, the researcher asserts that a “more probable security [threat is] nonmilitary” (p. 124). Spero says that “a vital threat to the functioning of the economic system as a whole would be a threat to national security. A major interruption of the energy supply that crippled the economy would pose such a threat” (pp. 124-125). Also, the researcher points out that “Energy dependence [has] political consequences. Military and economic vulnerability decreases the United States’ international bargaining position and makes it vulnerable to political pressure and political blackmail. Threatened or actual supply interruptions, for example, are effective bargaining tools on the side of producer states and their allies. Such political pressure threatening vital American interests would be a national security problem” (p. 125).

Furthermore, Spero provide several recommendations to address energy dependency and energy supply concerns, including: 1) adopt energy conservation measures nation-wide (p. 133); 2) adopt policies that encourage domestic energy consumption (p. 133); 3) diversify foreign sources (other than politically volatile areas such as the Middle East) (p. 134); 4) stockpile oil domestically (p. 134); 5) seek to improve relations with the Middle East and North Africa (p. 134); 6) seek cooperation on energy policy with Western Europe and Japan (p. 134); 7) maintain naval presence in Middle East to deter threats and affirm strategic importance of transportation routes for national security (p. 135). This assessment of national security and energy policy highlights many issues that are relevant to consider when evaluating energy policy alternatives today.

Strum, Harvey. “Eisenhower’s Solar Energy Policy.” __The Public Historian__ 6, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 37-50.

This article chronicles the Federal government’s energy policy during the Eisenhower administration. The research reports that in 1952, the “Paley Commission [(appointed by President Truman)] suggested that the United States begin the development of solar energy and other alternative sources of energy to retard a growing American dependence on Middle Eastern oil, but rejecting these recommendations, the Eisenhower administration refused to increase federal support for solar energy and terminated federal support for synthetic fuels” (p. 37). The Eisenhower administration did support “[providing] technical information, fissionable materials, and prototype designs of nuclear reactors to private industry” to promote the expansion of nuclear energy (p. 39). This is a good historical article, tracing back modern policy deliberations on energy policy to Federal policy and action after World War II. Many of the issues identified in the Paley Commission’s report are still relevant today, and help place today’s energy policy deliberations within a historical context.

Sylves, Richard T. “Carter Nuclear Licensing Reform versus Three Mile Island.” __Publius__ 10, no1 The State of American Federalism (Winter 1980): 69-79.

Sylves relays the failed attempt of the Carter administration to streamline the nuclear power plant permitting process. Specifically, the goal was to better integrate plant permitting policies and procedures with the states’ policies and procedures to reduce the permitting time for new nuclear power plants. The researcher suggests that the Carter administration failure to streamline the permitting system “[perpetuated] a ‘separated authority’ model of intergovernmental relations … [and that] State nuclear regulatory activities [would] continue to parallel, overlap, or in some instances contradict federal nuclear regulatory actions” (p. 79). Moreover, the “Carter licensing reform proposals would have created a system that could be characterized as ‘overlapping, interdependent, bargaining. Overlap in this system would [have been] based upon shared coordinated responsibilities, rather than unnecessary duplication” (p. 79). This article highlights efforts after the Three Mile Island incident to keep nuclear energy a viable option for power generation, and the inability of the Carter administration to implement key energy policy goals.

Walker, J Samuel. “Reactor at the Fault: The Bodega Bay Nuclear Plant Controversy, 1958- 1964: A Case Study in the Politics of Technology” __The Pacific Historical Review__ 59, 3 (August 1990): 323-348.

This article chronicles efforts by local residents and environmentalists to block Pacific Gas and Electric’s attempt to develop a nuclear power plant along Bodega Bay, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The debate over siting the proposed facility brought to the forefront issues such as land use aesthetics and seismic hazards as factors for consideration for permitting, issues that had not previously been considered. After intense public opposition and facing an uncertain outcome in the permitting process, PG&E decided to not pursue the project. The successful opposition foreshadows later efforts by environmentalists and local interests to block nuclear power plant construction.

Weinhold, Bob. “Fuel for the Long Haul? Diesel in America.” __Environmental Health__ __Perspectives__ 110, no. 8. (August 2002): A458-A464.

Weinhold provides an overview of diesel engines, their use in transportation historically, and diesel’s potential to play a role in providing energy in the future. Given problems of pollution with existing diesel technology, new federal regulations are triggering increased public and private research and development to developer cleaner diesel technology. Alternative fuels (e.g., bio-fuel) and paring diesel engines with electric motors (hybrid electric/diesel engines) are being explored along with other technological advances. Given the number existing diesel engines in operation and the potential for cleaner diesel engines to be introduced, Weinhold indicates that “‘There’s very clearly a … future for diesel’” (p. A464). This article provides a good overview of diesel technology, and the challenges and opportunities associated with the technology’s use.

West, Edwin G. and Michael McKee. “The Public Choice of Price Control and Rationing of Oil.” __Southern Economic Journal__ 48, no. 1 (July 1981): 204-210.

In this economic analysis, West and McKee study Buchanan’s and Tideman’s model of public choice during resource supply shortages, such as oil. Buchanan and Tideman contend that “the laissez-faire of free market alternative appears to lack support in political democracy where markets are isolated and attacked one at a time and singly” (p. 204). Buchanan and Tideman also conclude that a market would constrain its demand if a “windfall profits tax” were imposed (p. 204). As a result of studying Buchanan and Tideman’s model, West and McKee assert that “support for control schemes is related to historical paths of prices. Prices will be permitted to rise to a ‘natural’ level as the voters become psychologically receptive to it. [As an example of this dynamic,] … the post 1974 history of ‘controls’ might be seen as a record of ‘gradual’ increases in price, within the level of political tolerance” (p. 209). This article makes use of an economic model to explain the political tolerance of voters for price controls and other measures to curb demand during an acute shortage of a natural resources, such as oil.

Willrich, Mason. “Energy Independence for America.” __International Affairs__ 52, no. 1 (January 1976): 53-66.

Willrich speculates that “government’s persistent inability to make political choices among alternative means [of energy sources] may … reflect doubt and ambivalence about energy independence as a national goal” (p. 53). In this analysis, Willrich “[analyzes] the basic issues underlying energy independence from an American viewpoint” (p. 53). This analysis is interesting as discussion about Brazil’s move toward energy independence through sugar cane-based ethanol fuel has gained widespread attention. The author concludes that if America cannot develop a workable solution to its energy dependence/supply problem, long-term, the country risks declining as a military and political superpower in the world.

Winsche, W.E., K.C. Hoffman and F.J. Salzano. “Hydrogen: Its Future Role in the Nation’s Energy Economy.” __Science__ 180, no. 4093 (June 29, 1973): 1325-1332.

Winsche, Hoffman and Salzano “present the results of a preliminary evaluation of the economics and environmental benefits of hydrogen energy delivery systems in the residential and transportation sectors. [Also, the researchers] examine the future cost of energy delivered to residential consumers by several different delivery systems, and … assume that the technology required, which is theoretically feasible, can be development and implemented” (p. 1326). The researchers conclude with an optimistic view of hydrogen’s potential as an alternative energy source. However, acknowledge that “considerable amount of research is required before any hydrogen energy delivery system can be implemented” (p. 1331). This article highlights present-day discussion/consideration of hydrogen as a viable energy source, and places hydrogen into a historical context as it was explored by public policy and technical analysts during the energy supply crisis of the early 1970s.

Zemansky, S. D. “An Energy Conservation Program.” __Public Productivity Review__ 5, no. 3 (September 1981): 247-250.

This article chronicles the City of Baltimore’s efforts to promote energy conservation. The City’s program included a variety of measures, ranging from implementing a “two million dollar loan program for home weatherization to a program that awards certificates to conservation-minded businesses” (p. 247). The efforts have resulted in a “fifteen percent decrease … in natural gas consumption” over a two year period (p. 248). This article illustrates the impact that local governments can have in energy conservation when a focused city-wide program is implemented.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Natalie Daniel Dr. Dora Kingsley PPD – 656 Political Management: Theory and Applied Techniques 25 May 2007

Government in Alternative Energy Source Implementation: An Annotated Bibliography


 * Abate, Tom. “Contest Looking for Clean Tech. State Competition focuses on Making Energy Smarter.” 22 Mar. 2006. San Francisco Chronicle. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.green.ca.gov/NewsandEvents/NewsStories/060322.htm>.]** San Francisco Mayor Newsom has announced a competition called the California Clean Tech Open. This competition is designed to encourage ideas for making smart energy and offers awards of $50,000, business assistance, and free office rental for a year.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “American Wind Energy Association Applauds Proposed Incentive for Home, Small Business Wind Systems.” 28 Feb. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <http://[|www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/AWEA_Applauds_Proposed_]Incentive_for_Small_Wind_Systems_022807.html>.//** The AWEA praised Senators Ken Salazar (D-Colo.) and Gordon Smith (R-Ore.) for proposing legislation that would allow small wind system purchasers to receive a credit on their taxes for a portion of the turbine’s cost. This bill would be the first federal incentive in 20 years to help individuals buy small wind turbines.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “Annual U.S. Wind Power Rankings Track Industry’s Rapid Growth.” 11 Apr. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/Annual_US_Wind_Power_Rankings_041107.html>.]** The American Wind Energy Association released annual rankings of wind energy development in the U.S. including states that generate the most electricity from wind and Congressional districts with most wind power installed. Wind energy development is on the rise, but AWEA believes a long-term extension of the renewable energy production tax credit is crucial to sustain this growth.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “AWEA Statement on Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Final Rulemaking on Transmission Tariff Reform.” 15 Feb. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/AWEA_Statement_FERC_Ruling_on_Transmission_Reform_021507.html>.]** AWEA Policy Director Rob Gramlich stated, “The U.S. wind energy industry appreciates the Commission's efforts to make the electric power system better accommodate new technologies like wind energy. In particular, the Commission clearly listened and responded to the need for removal of imbalance penalties and the creation of a ‘Conditional Firm’ service in order to ensure fair market access for wind,” following today’s release by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of its final rule on Open Access Transmission Tariff reform.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “U.S. Wind Energy Industry Applauds Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Ruling on New Transmission Policy.” 19 Apr. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/US_Wind_Energy_Industry_Applauds_FERC_Ruling_041907.html>.]** The American Wind Energy Association applauded the approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of a new California Independent System Operator transmission policy. The policy states that, in windy areas where there is no transmission, transmission should be financed and built as long as it is clear that there is a large energy resource to be tapped and that there is some financial commitment on the part of generating companies to eventually develop projects in the area. This will result in more wind mill areas.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “U.S. Wind Industry to Install over 3,000 Megawatts of Wind Power in 2007: First Quarter Market Report.” 10 May. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/AWEA_First_Quarter_Market_Report_2007.html>.]** The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) said everything is on track in regards to installing over 3,000 megawatts of wind power generating capacity nationwide in 2007. The first quarter marker report shows that Texas will likely account for about two thirds of the new installations. Over 100 megawatts have newly come online in the U.S. so far and one megawatt is equivalent to enough electricity to serve 250 to 300 homes. U.S. Senators are calling for legislation regarding a Renewables Portfolio Standard similar to the Texas model.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “Wind Big Part of Solution to Global Warming: Trade Group, Environmental Organizations.” 18 Jan. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/wind_big_part_of_solution_global_warming_011807.html>.]** The American Wind Energy Association said wind power can provide a large, rapid, and cost-effective way to combat global warming and is calling for a national effort to focus on wind power development due to the urgency caused from ever increasing global temperatures. The AWEA encourages U.S. wind power development.


 * American Wind and Energy Association. “Wind Power Capacity in U.S. Increased 27% in 2006 and is Expected to Grow an Additional 26% in 2007.” 23 Jan. 2007. AWEA. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/Wind_Power_Capacity_012307.html>.]** Wind power generating capacity increased by 27% and 26% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Wind power is attracting support of state and federal government legislatures. Congress recently extended the federal production tax credit through 2008 to expand the number of wind farms in the U.S.


 * Associated Press. “Green Building Energy Concerns Fuel Increased Interest in Environmentally Friendly Construction.” 4 Dec. 2006. www.green.ca.gov. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.green.ca.gov/NewsandEvents/NewsStories/051204.htm>.]** Environmentally responsible building is being encouraged in Atlanta. Here green roof (roofs with gardens on them) help to counteract the island effect on concrete construction. Additionally, improved ventilation, water conservation, and the use of non-toxic and recycled materials is being emphasized.


 * Baker, David R. “State Solar Power Proposal gets OK from Regulators.” 13 Jan. 2006. SFGate.com 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/01/13/BUGGNGMDPB15.DTL&type=printable>.]** The California Public Utilities Commission approved a $2.9 billion rebate program that will be given to residents and businesses that install solar panels over the course of the next 11 years. Rebate funding will be paid for by a new charge on utility bills.


 * Bott, Michael. “State-Owned Buildings go Green. California’s Future lies in Energy-Efficient Buildings, Experts Say.” 2 Mar. 2007. UC Davis California Aggie. <http://www.green.ca.gov/NewsandEvents/NewsStories/070302.htm.>** The Department of General Services will be turning all state commercial buildings green in response to the Governor’s California Green Building Initiative. DGS’s goal is to cut energy use in state-operated buildings by 20 percent in the next eight years. DGS hopes other building users will follow their example by reducing energy use.


 * California Department of Motor Vehicles. “DMV Proposes New “Green” Mixed-Use Buildings for Current Office Sites in San Francisco, San Diego.” 21 Nov. 2006. www.dmv.ca.gov. 5 Jun. 2007. <[|http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/newsrel/newsrel06/2006-36.htm>.]** The California Department of Motor Vehicles is exploring the possibility of redeveloping two properties that would result in new state-of-the-Art DMV offices. The plan is for the state to allow private developers to construct mid to high rise green buildings and rent space above the DMV facilities to tenants.


 * California Department of Motor Vehicles. “DMV Office Becomes Part of Million Solar Rooptops Plan.” 30 Jan. 2007. www.dmv.ca.gov. 5 Jun. 2007. <[|http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/newsrel/newsrel07/2007-01.htm>.]** The Department of Motor Vehicles has received permission from the San Diego Gas and Electric to start utilizing solar power energy generated from photovoltaic solar panels. Use of solar panels is a way for the agency to respond to the Governor’s Green Initiative.


 * California Department of Motor Vehicles. “New State-of-the-Art DMV Office in San Ysidro is Awarded Prestigious Environmental Certification.” 6 Mar. 2007. www.dmv.ca.gov. 5 Jun. 2007. <[|http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/newsrel/newsrel07/2007-04.htm>.]** The San Ysidro California Department of Motor Vehicles field office was awarded a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold Certification by the U.S. Green Building Council. Earning this certification is part of Schwarzenegger’s goal to reduce energy costs of state owned buildings.


 * California Department of Motor Vehicles. “State Ready to Distribute Additional Hybrid HOV Decals: New Law Allows 10,000 Additional Owners to Drive Solo in HOV Lanes.” 5 Oct. 2006. www.dmv.ca.gov. 5 Jun. 2007. <[|http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/newsrel/newsrel06/2006-26.htm>.]** The California Department of Motor Vehicles has been granted the authority to dispense 10,000 stickers to hybrid vehicle owners as a way to allow them to drive alone in California carpool lanes for the next five years.


 * California** **Energy Commission. “California Energy Commission Applauds Beacon Power Upon Reaching Research Goal.” 10 Jan. 2007. www.energy.ca.gov. 21 May 21, 2007. <[|http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2007_releases/2007-01-10_Beacon_Power.html>.]** The California Energy Commission announced that flywheel energy technology to enhance California's electricity grid is now one step closer to commercialization. Beacon Power has created a 100 kilowatt scale-power flywheel energy storage system. Studies show that 10 megawatts of flywheel energy is equivalent to 20 megawatts or more of traditional power plant energy.


 * California** **Energy Commission. “California Energy Commission Files Ninth Circuit Appeal to Uphold State’s Washing Machine Efficiency Standards.” 24 Apr. 2007. www.energy.ca.gov. 21 May 21, 2007. <[|http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2007_releases/2007-04-24_efficiency_standards_appeal.html>.]** The California Energy Commission filed a suit against the U.S. Department of Energy to uphold washing machine efficiency standards in California. Current standards save substantial amounts of electricity, natural gas, and water; and curb greenhouse gas emissions.


 * California** **Energy Commission. “California Energy Commission to Discuss Incentives to Repower Aging Wind Facilities.” 12 Mar. 2007. www.energy.ca.gov. 22 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2007_releases/2007-03-12_mediadvisor_incetives.html>.]** An Integrated Energy Policy Report Update concluded that little progress has been made to repower aging wind facilities. The California Energy will hold a workshop March 13 to discuss incentives for repowering California wind facilities. Wind facilities help reduce the need for greenhouse gas emission power sources.


 * California** **Energy Commission. “Energy Commission Analysis Says Klamath Dam Removal, not Upgrades, More Beneficial than Earlier Projected.” 26 Mar. 2007. www.energy.ca.gov. 22 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2007_releases/2007-03-26_klamath.html>.]** Studies show that removing four hydroelectric dams from the Klamath River and buying replacement power would be less costly than the relicensing the project and installing expensive fish ladders now required at the cite for proper salmon migration.


 * California** **Energy Commission. “Statewide Avian Guidelines Workshop Advancing Wind Energy in California.” 16 Jan. 2007. www.energy.ca.gov. 22 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2007_releases/2007-01-16_avian_guidelines.html>.]** The California Energy Commission and the Department of Fish and Game will host a workshop to discuss the statewide guidelines that protect birds and bats while promoting the development of wind energy.


 * Green Technology Magazine. “Retro-commissioning: Back to the Future for California’s State Buildings.” 1 Sep. 2006. Green-Technology.org. 25 May 2007. <[|http://www.green-technology.org/green_technology_magazine/back_to_the_future.htm>.]** The Governor’s S-20-04 Executive Order will require buildings over 50,000 square feet that are owned by California’s Executive Branch to be retro-commissioned by 2011, so as to meet certain new criteria established to make energy use more efficient.


 * Green Technology Magazine. “Greening the Golden State.” 5 Oct. 2006. Green-Technology.org. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.green-technology.org/green_technology_magazine/golden_state.htm>.]** Under Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s leadership, California is becoming increasingly green. State efforts include legislative frameworks for environmental protection, and many agencies and action teams to implement state greening goals. The state also engages in environmentally preferable purchasing, energy efficiency, emissions reductions, and recycling programs.


 * Karush, Sarah. “D.C. Adopts Green Building Rules.” 6 Dec. 2006. Associated Press via Business Week. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.green.ca.gov/NewsandEvents/NewsStories/061206a.htm>.]** The District of Columbia passed legislation that would require all commercial development of 50,000 square feet or more to meet U.S. Green Building Council standards starting in 2012. Legislation would apply to both new and renovation related construction.


 * Lau, Eddie. “Pointing the Way to Green Future West Sac’s Pyramid Becomes the State’s Building Laboratory.” 25 Feb. 2007. The Sacramento Bee. 23 May 2007. <http://www.green.ca.gov/ NewsandEvents/NewsStories/070225.htm>.** The Department of General Services hopes to make the ziggurat building a test case for environmentally friendly building practices. Promoting conservation became a top priority at DGS when Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger issued an executive order to reduce energy use in state-owned buildings 20 percent by 2015.


 * Martin, Mark. “31 States to Form Greenhouse Gas Emission Registry.” 9 May 2007. SFGate.com. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/05/09/MNGUSPNI9A1.DTL>.]** A national registry will be created by environmental officials from thirty-one states to measure greenhouse gas emissions. Participation in the registry is voluntary, but policy makers are optimistic states will be encouraged to jump on board, thus reducing overall U.S. emissions.


 * National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “NREL Upgrades Wind Turbine Test Capabilities.” 10 Jan. 2007. NREL. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.nrel.gov/wind/news/2007/493.html>.]** The Controls Advanced Research Turbine at the National Wind Technology Center received a two-bladed rotor with a new three-bladed rotor from GE. The new 40-m rotor will allow researchers to test new control schemes to increase energy capture.


 * National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “Partnership Opportunity for Advanced Wind Turbine Blade Test Facility Progresses.” 9 Mar. 2007. NREL. 21 May 2007. <http://www.nrel.gov/wind/ news/2007/503.html>.** The Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory announced today that applications to design, construct and operate an advanced wind turbine blade test facility will move on to a final competitive round. The applications are being collected as an opportunity to support the U.S. wind industry's development in improved technologies.


 * National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “President Bush Approves One-Year Energy Tax Credit Extension.” 4 Jan. 2007. NREL. 21 May 2007. <[|http://www.nrel.gov/wind/news/2007/484.html>.]** President Bush approved a bill that will extend federal tax credits for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects through 2008 for electricity produced from wind power, geothermal power, biomass, landfill gas, small irrigation power, and trash combustion facilities. The act extends the Clean Renewable Energy Bonds program through 2008, increases tax-credit bonds, and extends special tax allowances and research and development tax credits.


 * Reyes, B. J. “California Sets Energy Example.” 5 Jul. 2006. Honolulu Star Bulletin. 23 May 2007. <[|http://starbulletin.com/2006/07/05/news/story05.html>.]** The CalEPA Joe Serna Jr. Building was able to lower energy costs 8% by turning off the lights at night and having janitors do their cleaning during regular work hours. Now policy makers in Hawaii would like to encourage use of the idea in their state.


 * Revkin, Andrew C. and Patrick Healy. “Coalition to Make Buildings Energy Efficient.” 17 May 2007. The New York Times. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/us/17climate.html?pagewanted=print>.]** The William J. Clinton Foundation has proposed a plan to unite sixteen cities, five banks, and building modernization companies in a fight against urban energy use. Loans would be provided by participating banks to businesses so old heating, cooling, and lighting systems could be replaced. Such upgrades can reduce energy usage by 20-50%.


 * Rogers, Paul. “State Poised to Invest Billions in Solar Power.” 13 Jan. 2006. San Jose Mercury News. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.green.ca.gov/NewsandEvents/NewsStories/060113a.htm>.]** The state Public Utilities Commission will vote on a plan to spend $3.2 billion to provide rebates over the next 11 years to homes, businesses, farms and public buildings for the purpose of installing solar energy systems. The State goal is to install solar energy on 1 million buildings statewide by 2017. The subsidy proposed would pay about one-third of the costs for solar power installation.


 * SunEdison. “CalPoly Engineering to Dedicate Solar Energy System Dec.7.” 5 Dec. 2006. www. green.ca.gov. 25 May 2007. <[|http://www.green.ca.gov/NewsandEvents/NewsStories/061205.htm>.]** CalPoly will dedicate its pilot solar panel system on Dec 7th. This system is operated and maintained by SunEdison and will eliminate 110,000 pounds of greenhouse gases a year.


 * U.C. Davis California Aggie. “Editorial: California Green Building Initiative. State Leads Energy-Efficiency Project.” 6 Mar. 2007. www.californiaaggie.com. 23 May, 2007. <[|http://www.californiaaggie.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=b2646627-3cac-446a-8489-6ee4bfc4e4da>.]** The Department of General Service will start turning California buildings green beginning with the Ziggurat Building. PG&E, the California Energy Commission, and the UC Davis California Lighting Technology Center will work toward this goal by reducing wasteful lighting and will work to expand greening to other state-owned facilities.


 * U.C. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies. “First of its Kind: UC Davis Hosts Energy Efficiency Center.” May 2006. IST-Davis E-news. 23 May 2007. <[|http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/news/enews/issue27/index.html#2>.]** UC Davis is now housing the UC Davis Energy Efficiency Center which is designed to advance innovation in energy efficiency by gathering academic, industry and community investment experts together.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Bush Administration Establishes Program to Reduce Foreign Oil Dependency, Greenhouse Gases.” 10 April 2007. DOE. 18 April 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4940.htm>.]** U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established a comprehensive Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program. The program requires that 7.5 billion gallons of renewable fuel be blended into motor vehicle fuel sold in the U.S. by 2012 and promotes fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Department of Energy Issues $14 Million in Funding Opportunity Announcements to U.S. Universities for Nuclear Research.” 28 March 2007. DOE. 18 March 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4901.htm>.]** The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced funding opportunities of up to $14 million to better integrate the United States’ universities into DOE’s nuclear research and development (R&D) programs, and to contribute toward making nuclear power a safe, affordable, and emissions-free source of energy.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Department Of Energy Offers $60 Million to Spur Industry Engagement in Global Nuclear Energy Partnership.” 9 May 2007. DOE. 15 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/5043.htm>.]** The Department of Energy will provide up to $60 million, over two years to engage industry experts in the conceptual design of a nuclear fuel recycling center and advanced recycling reactor. This engagement will serve as a part of President Bush’s Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) Program.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Department of Energy Submits $23.6 Billion Spending Plan to Congress for FY’07.” 16 March 2007. DOE. 18 March 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4884.htm>.]** U.S. Department of submitted a $23.598 billion spending plan to Congress for Fiscal Year (FY) 2007. Highlights of the plan include $1.5 billion for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, a $2 billion commitment to clean coal technologies, a $3.8 billion allocation to the Office of Science for fusion and bioenergy research, $358 million for the Office of Environmental Management to further DOE’s commitment to safe cleanup of our Cold War-era nuclear facilities, $80.3 million for the Office of Nuclear Energy allowing them to pursue nuclear energy as a power source, and $445.7 million for the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Energy Department Awards Universities $7.5 Million for Basic Research.” 28 March 2007. DOE. 18 April 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4902.htm>.]** The Energy Department awarded $7.5 million worth of grants to universities in New Hampshire, Maine, Delaware and Kentucky for research ranging from nanomaterials to biofuels. The grants are part of a program to improve the capability of universities to conduct nationally competitive energy-related research in states that have historically received less federal funding.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “DOE Announces up to $200 Million in Funding for Biorefineries.” 1 May 2007. DOE. 15 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/5031.htm>.]** DOE will provide up to $200 million to support the development of cellulosic biorefineries in the U.S. DOE hopes to encourage biorefinery development that produces liquid transportation fuels such as ethanol.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “DOE Proposes Regulations for Loan Guarantee Program.” 10 May 2007. DOE. 15 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/5045.htm>.]** The U.S. Department of Energy issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) for its Loan Guarantee program, designed to spur investment in projects that employ new, clean energy technologies, sustain economic growth, yield environmental benefits, and allow for a more stable and secure energy supply.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “DOE Selects Five Ethanol Conversion Projects for $23 Million in Federal Funding.” 27 March 2007. DOE. 18 April 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4896.htm>.]** The U.S. Department of Energy announced it is earmarking approximately $23 million in federal funding for five projects focused on developing highly efficient fermentative organisms to convert biomass material to ethanol. This research is intended to make cellulosic ethanol more cost-competitive and help reduce America’s gasoline consumption by 20 percent in ten years.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “DOE Signing Paves the Way for Funding, Construction of Innovative Clean Coal Plant in Florida.” 3 April 2007. DOE. 18 April 2007. <http://www.energy.gov/news/ 4924.htm>.** The U.S. Secretary of Energy discussed plans for construction of a $569-million, 285-megawatt coal-fired power plant that will be one of the cleanest, most efficient plants of its kind in the world. DOE will provide 41% of the funding, or $235 million, through a cooperative agreement with Southern Power Company.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “DOE to Invest up to $8.2 Million for Hydrogen Storage Research.” 12 April 2007. DOE. 17 April 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4944.htm>.]** Over the next four years, the U.S. Department of Energy plans to provide up to $8.2 million in funding for six hydrogen storage research projects. This gesture directly supports Bush’s Advanced Energy Initiative (AEI) and will aid the U.S. in reducing its reliance on foreign oil.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “DOE to Provide up to $14 Million to Develop Advanced Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles.” 5 April 2007. DOE. 18 April 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4926.htm>.]** DOE announced that it will provide up to $14 million in funding for a $28 million cost-shared solicitation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery development. Research will be aimed to find solutions to improving battery performance and will build of Bush’s Advanced Energy Initiative.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Energy Dept. Awards $11.2 Million for Hydrogen Research.” 15 May 2007. DOE. 15 May 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/5064.htm>.]** The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will award $11.2 million for research aimed at overcoming the scientific challenges associated with the production, storage, transportation, and use of hydrogen.


 * U.S.** **Department of Energy. “Secretary Bodman in Illinois Highlights Scientific Research Investments to Advance America’s Innovation.” 11 April 2007. DOE. 18 April 2007. <[|http://www.energy.gov/news/4942.htm>.]** U.S. Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman highlighted scientific research investments that have led to partnerships between DOE’s National laboratories and private industry. At Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc., Secretary Bodman spoke of the importance of sustaining innovation in energy advancement and economic security.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “Community Energy Challenge: EPA Promotes Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Cities and Towns.” 15 March 2007. US EPA. 18 April 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/351fc6acb549e5178525729f0050722b!OpenDocument>.]** EPA is promoting increased energy efficiency by promoting a New England Community Energy Challenge. In this challenge, EPA is challenging New England communities to scrutinize their energy use, take action to improve energy efficiency, and seek out renewable energy choices that reduce air pollution while saving money.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “EPA and Utilities to Promote Water Performance Measures for Utilities.” 9 May 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/e2e02c58c414c012852572d600515515!OpenDocument>.]** EPA Assistant Administrator has signed a statement of support to promote recommended utility performance measures. This agreement advances the Administration's sustainable infrastructure initiative and charts a course for wise management of water systems.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “EPA Gives Green Meaning to Its Meetings.” 2 May 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/d924a644efe48d0a852572cf00510724!OpenDocument>.]** The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is changing its acquisition rules regarding business meeting facilities to give preference to meeting areas which consume less and manage their resources in environmentally positive ways effective May 1.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “EPA Grant Helps Brandywine School District Reduce Diesel Exhaust Pollution.” 3 April 2007. US EPA. 18 April 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/fdfe5403404d5f4e852572b4004df8f1!OpenDocument>.]** The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued a $570,000 grant to reduce pollution in diesel-powered school buses in Brandywine School District, Wilmington, Del. Brandywine plans to retrofit 67 of its school buses.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “EPA Recognizes Largest-Ever Corporate Green Power Purchase.” 30 April 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/4199018af7e69d61852572cd004fc7b1!OpenDocument>.]** EPA has recognized PepsiCo's commitment to purchase more than 1.1 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh). This is the largest Green Power Partner program purchase to date and is enough to power 90,000 average American homes each year.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “Everybody Has Homework on Healthy Schools - New DVD and Other Resources Available to Help Parents, Communities Make the Grade.” 30 April 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/29511badf7f05264852572cd005efba2!OpenDocument>.]** EPA is releasing a free DVD, "What Your School or Child Care Facility Should Know About Lead in Drinking Water" and a document, "Water Quality Funding Sources for Schools – A Resource for K-12 and Child Care Facilities," that explain how schools and child care facilities can test for lead in drinking water; report results; and fund actions to address environmental issues.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “New EPA Web Site Makes It Easier To Be Good Environmental Stewards.” 2 May 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/0fe60b8b9050fed7852572 cf005f5262!OpenDocument>.** A new EPA Web site on stewardship programs will enable users to find EPA partnership programs which align with their industrial category, environmental issue of interest, and/or geographic area.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “Science Labs Get Down with Energy.” 10 May 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/b4d06616063436ab852572d70057f94b!OpenDocument>.]** In a joint venture with the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy, a program called Labs21 has enlisted laboratory operators an effort to corral energy consumption and cut attendant costs. Laboratories can consume 10 times the energy of a typical office building on a square-foot basis.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “Southeast Rebuild Collaborative to Fight Energy Waste.” 10 April 2007. US EPA. 18 April 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/1b4224ef584e6ca6852572b90068fa11!OpenDocument>.]** EPA is supporting Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina in uniting to create the Southeast Rebuild Collaborative partnership. This partnership will promote energy efficiency among schools districts, governments, and universities within southern states.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “Spring 2007 Forecast: A Green Planet and Green Economy.” 23 April 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/093ffb754d9ac7a0852572c600511072!OpenDocument>.]** The National Sustainable Design Expo showcases the best new designs for sustainable products and technologies, also called "green technology.” It is open to the general public without charge on April 24 and involves a national competition of 41 teams of college and university students who will exhibit new green technology design projects.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “Students Recognized for Contributing To Healthier Environment.” 20 April 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/07e934e35ca7c066852572c300 5ee0c4!OpenDocument]>.** EPA is recognizing young people from around the country today for their contributions in promoting environmental awareness and community involvement in recycling, energy efficiency, climate change, and water conservation issues.


 * U.S.** **Environmental Protection Agency. “UNH Continues to Set the Pace with ENERGY STAR Buildings.” 20 April 2007. US EPA. 15 May 2007. <[|http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/904f6923836bfefe852572a00065593a/37d517c07bad2ea3852572c3005fc951!OpenDocument>.]** The University of New Hampshire has earned the ENERGY STAR designation for five additional campus buildings since its last year label for three ENERGY STAR residence halls. UNH is saving money and reducing harmful air pollution, including greenhouse gases.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Linda Womack PPD 656 Prof. Kingsley
 * Yamamura, Kevin. “$2.9 billion Solar Plan OK’d by PUC.” 13 Jan. 2007. The Sacramento Bee. 23 May 2007. <[|http://dwb.sacbee.com/content/politics/v-print/story/14068316p14899084c.html>.]** Rebates to install solar panels will be available to home owners and businesses under a new plan approved by the state Public Utilities Commission. Investor owned utilities such as PG&E will pay for the rebate pool by increasing monthly service charges. Proponents believe that investing in solar power now will reduce solar production costs in the future.
 * __Annotated Bibliography: Role of Government in Strategic Implementation of Alternative Energy Sources__**

http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/thai/energy.pdf Since 1992, the Thai Government has led a policy of sustainable energy sector promotion. Significant achievements have been made, among other things the establishment of policies and legislation to promote sustainable energy, and the formation of a Ministry of Energy to facilitate the development of the energy sector.
 * 1. Thailand’s Policy and Implementation on Energy, October 2002.**

http://www.energybulletin.net/27919.html GAO examined when oil production could peak, assessed the potential for transportation technologies to mitigate the consequences of a peak in oil production, and examined federal agency efforts that could reduce uncertainty about the timing of a peak or mitigate the consequences. To address these objectives, GAO reviewed studies, convened an expert panel, and consulted agency officials. [|www.2020institute.org] The 2020 Institute will work to further the economic and scientific potential of the United States toward the increasingly imperative policy objective of energy self-sufficiency by the year 2020. In accordance with this effort, the institute will contribute to a dialogue in America by engaging the technological, economic, and public interests necessary to affect this important change. The institute will insist that all options capable of alleviating America's dependence on foreign sources of energy are explored. Such all-inclusive thinking will be used to plan and implement a feasible, economical, and sustainable energy policy capable of providing for all current and future demands. 4. **The Alternative Energy Institute** [|www.altenergy.org] The Alternative Energy Institute is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, educational organization. Historically, AEI's mission has focused on two areas: (1) raising consciousness about the dangers of fossil fuel dependency and the viable alternatives to fossil fuels, and (2) linking consumers with suppliers of alternative energy. However, AEI is expanding its focus on the basis that there is no progressive change toward sustainability without taking a systemic approach that includes one essential element: community. As a result, AEI is carving out a unique niche of raising consciousness about community sustainability and providing action response opportunities for individuals throughout the world. 5. **American Energy** **Independence** [|www.americanenergyindependence.com] Energy Independence is a strategic national security objective that will, through policy shifts and technology development, free the U.S. from dependence on imported oil. The American Energy Independence website is an online resource of relevant articles and valuable links about why America must wean itself from foreign oil, and soon. No liberal or conservative bias, just rational discussion of the issues with scientific papers, articles and links. 6. **Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network** www.[|bioenergy.ornl.gov] BFIN is a gateway to a wealth of biomass feedstock information resources from the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and other research organizations.
 * 2. GAO:** **U.S.** **needs a peak oil strategy by** **U.S.** **Government Accountability Office, March 2007.**
 * 3. 2020 Institute**

7. **Biomass Energy Foundation** [|www.woodgas.com] Interested and knowledgeable about all aspects of biomass energy, but particularly in high temperature conversion and gasification that can produce heat, power and fuels, as oil prices escalate. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0302/p02s01-ussc.htm Coal-to-liquids (CTL) fuels could end up emitting nearly double the carbon dioxide that the equivalent amount of gasoline does, mostly because of the way it's manufactured. The CTL industry says new technology will fix the problem. But because such technology is not yet developed, it's unclear whether CTL fuels would be competitive without state and federal subsidies, even competing against high-priced diesel, jet fuel, or gasoline, analysts say. That's where politicians come in. The National Mining Association has ramped up Capitol Hill lobbying, creating a new coalition and website, [|futurecoalfuels.org]. Many in Washington are warming to the idea. CTL bills in the House of Representatives and the Senate have received strong backing. 9. **Diesel Technology Forum** [|www.dieselforum.org] The Diesel Technology Forum is dedicated to raising awareness about the economic importance and essential uses of diesel engines. DTF works to educate audiences about the continuous improvements in fuel efficiency and power, as well as the environmental progress clean diesel systems. Working with industry, government officials and unique coalition groups, DTF is leading the way for the future of clean diesel applications. 10. **Future Coal Fuels** [|www.futurecoalfuels.org/news.asp] In this century, America will not be secure unless its energy supplies are secure. Fostering greater reliance on domestic energy is therefore fast becoming a national security imperative. The nation's abundant and affordable coal reserves — matched with proven gasification and liquefaction technology — can provide an invaluable hedge against our increasing dependence on foreign energy supplies as well as a potentially significant source of transportation fuel for a growing economy, all while meeting our need for environmental protections. 11. **Peak Oil Portal** [|www.peakoilportal.com] Peak Oil Portal is a website that focuses on the topic of Peak Oil, sometimes also referred to as Hubbert’s Peak and its potential ramifications to the global economy. Additionally, we also provide resources on energy trading such as our crude oil, unleaded gas, heating oil, and natural gas futures trading blog. We hope you find the resources on this website useful in your attempt to educate yourself on topic of Peak Oil, a subject that could easily be argued as one of the most important topics facing human civilization in the years ahead. If we can be of any assistance to you please contact us. 12. **Southern States Energy Board** [|www.sseb.org] The Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) is a non-profit interstate compact organization created in 1960 and established under Public Laws 87-563 and 92-440. The Board’s mission is to enhance economic development and the quality of life in the South through innovations in energy and environmental policies, programs and technologies. Sixteen southern states and two territories comprise the membership of SSEB: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Virginia and West Virginia. 13. **Ultra Clean Fuels** [|www.ultracleanfuels.com] Developing clean and efficient liquid fuels from coal & coal waste, America's most abundant energy source, providing for National Security, Homeland Security, & Energy Independence. http://www.americanenergysecurity.org/studyrelease.html The initial expenditures to jump-start a new domestic alternative liquid fuels manufacturing industry will require a tremendous investment of private capital. The risks associated with such an undertaking are perceived to be substantial given the historic volatility of oil prices and, more recently, those of natural gas. The most significant contribution the Federal and state governments can make to this endeavor is to lower the risk profile of investment. By mitigating risk, project sponsors, backed by large pools of private capital, will rush to build alternative liquid fuels plants in all 50 U.S. states, strengthening economies, creating millions of jobs, stabilizing fuel prices, and lessening our dependence on foreign oil. http://epa.gov/cleanrgy/stateandlocal/index.htm This Federal EPA site has information directly related to the governments role in strategic implementation of alternative energy sources at all levels of government. This site introduces state and local governments efforts in finding clean energy, cost effectively and in ways that meets citizens growing energy demand in a clean, low-cost, reliable manner. This site further explains EPA’s role and interaction with other levels of government, which includes: technical assistance, analytical tools, and outreach support. My next three information sources go into further detail regarding these government partnerships, they are all brief introductions of policies and programs.
 * 8. Coal in Cars, March 2007.**
 * 14. American Energy Security Study, 2006.**
 * 15. EPA’s State and Local Clean Energy Programs – What are State and Local Governments Doing? March 2007.**

http://epa.gov/cleanrgy/stateandlocal/activities.htm This site provides a paragraph summary and a link to 23 different state government clean energy programs. Across the U.S., states are implementing these programs and policies to integrate energy efficiency, renewable energy, and clean distributed energy generation into a clean, low-cost, reliable energy system for their state’s businesses and residents. These programs are divided into five categories: state planning and incentive structures, state lead by example measures, energy efficiency action, energy supply actions, and utility planning and incentive structures. http://epa.gov/cleanrgy/stateandlocal/activities.htm This is a voluntary state program headed by the Federal EPA. This program coordinates with state governments to develop and implement cost-effective clean energy and environmental strategies that help further environmental and clean energy goals and achieve public health and economic benefits. This program launched in February 2005 with 11 states, California being one of them. This source has one quick paragraph regarding what the partnering states and the EPA are doing, and how the states benefit.
 * 16. Clean Energy Program Activities, April 2007.**
 * 17. Clean** **Energy-Environment** **State** **Partnership Program, March 2007.**

http://epa.gov/cleanrgy/stateandlocal/activities.htm This site dives into California’s role in the above mentioned Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership Program. It explains the CA Energy Commissions, CA Public Utility Commission, and the CA Air Resources Board role in the programs. It also contains a link to an 8-page brochure with describes how energy conservation and efficiency are an important resource for meeting its energy needs in a clean, reliable, and low-cost manner. 19. **Alternative Energy Sources in** **Alberta****’s Oil Sands: The Viability of Nuclear Energy** **November 30, 2005.** http://www.business.ualberta.ca/cabree/pdf/2005%20Fall/BUEC%20463/Rodenburg-Alternatives-BUEC463.pdf This article examines whether nuclear energy is a viable energy source to support future oil sands growth, both in the short run (the next five to ten years) and the long run(beyond ten years). They must work to establish nuclear energy as an economically competitive source that can meet the oil sands’ unique energy needs. As well, its standing as a clean energy source with no greenhouse gas emissions must be exploited to its full potential. http://cna.ca/CERI%202005/CNA_CERI_Book_English.pdf This study brings together the work of many commentators on energy and environment to provide a summary of the relevant past and a way to look at the possible future. We have drawn liberally from previous work within CERI, have adapted the presentations of others, such as BP’s Annual Review of Energy, the work of the International Energy Agency, and drawn from the World Energy Assessment//, a joint review of the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and the World Energy Council. Thus, we have not attempted to provide purely original interpretations of the past or the likely future. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,203293,00.html As a nation with few energy resources of its own, Denmark had to consider its needs and rethink its policies in the face of an almost complete withdrawal of its oil supply. In the 30 years since, Denmark has worked tirelessly to develop new technology and new policies. The result is that today, renewable sources account for a greater share of the nation's energy consumption with each passing year, according to the [|**Energistyrelsen**], the Danish Energy Authority. Twenty percent of Denmark's energy needs are now met by electricity generated by wind turbines, and the proportion is steadily increasing. Thanks to advances in technology and turbine design, the cost of wind power has been reduced by 75 percent since 1970, when the programs began. http://www.celcee.edu/publications/digest/Dig04-01.html Government has long played an important role in the development of alternative energy as a legitimate means of producing consumer electricity. By providing incentives for the use of renewable energies, government agencies can help make alternative energy economically efficient for consumers while reducing the environmental consequences involved in traditional energy production. Because of the pollution created by the use of fossil fuel energy, the total cost of conventional power sources like coal and oil is higher than what the consumers actually pay. This added cost is borne by all members of society, both by the health risks associated with pollution and the cost of cleaning it up. Some experts say that the true costs of fossil fuels are comparable to those of alternative energy. By subsidizing the use of alternative energy sources, the theory is that government can overcome the perceived cost differences and make renewable power the dominant form of energy production (California Energy Commission, n.d.).
 * 18. EPA’s State and Local Clean Energy Programs – Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership, March 2007.**
 * 20. Canadian Energy Research Institute, World Energy: The Past and Possible** **Futures, 2005.**
 * 21.** **Denmark Points Way** **in Alternative Energy Sources**
 * 22.** **CELCEE-Kauffman** **Center** **for Entrepreneurial Leadership Clearinghouse on Entrepreneurship Education**

http://republicans.resourcescommittee.house.gov/archives/ii00/Press/releases/2006/0406renewableenergy.htm Alternative and renewable energy development plays a significant role in the agency's implementation of the Energy Policy Act of 2005," said Marcia Patton-Mallory, Biomass and Bioenergy Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Forester of the USFS. "National Forest System lands are already one of the larger sources of hydropower and geothermal energy. The agency will play a leading role in increasing the utilization of woody biomass as a renewable energy source. We are confident we cam accomplish all of this within the statutory and regulatory framework under which the Forest Service manages 193 million acres of forests and grasslands."
 * 23. Fueling the Future: Renewable, Alternative Energy in** **America****, April 2006.**

http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/99011969.pdf The purpose of this book is to assess the prospects of producing significant amounts of the world's energy needs from renewable resources - alternatives to fossil fuels. The assessments are technological, economic and social in nature. They cover solar energy sources, biomass energy, wind power, hydroelectric power, energy storage, geothermal energy, ocean energy, nuclear fusion and hydrogen fuel from renewable resources. Well illustrated, it contains extensive bibliographic resources, a glossary of terms, and a detailed index.
 * 24. Cassedy, Edward S.**// Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment. //2000.

//http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2007/kammen-ebi-statement.pdf This overview posits that the future growth in the energy sector will be primarily in the new regime of renewable energy, and to some extent natural gas-based systems, not in conventional oil and coal sources. Because of these developments, market opportunity now exists to both innovate and to take advantage of emerging markets to promote renewable energy technologies, with the additional assistance of governmental and popular sentiment.// http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS12031 An attractive report that covers the energy challenges facing the U.S. Deals with the effects of high energy prices on families, communities and businesses. Aims at sustaining the nation's health and environment, and increasing energy conservation, efficiency, domestic energy supplies, and renewable and alternative energy. Discusses enhancing national energy security and international relationships.// http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/non_hydro/nonhydrorenewablespaper_final.pdf Briefly describes U.S. Federal legislation that encouraged the growth of renewable energy. It examines California, where Federal and State legislation combined to install nearly all the U.S. wind capacity as of the early 1990's. Having established an understanding of Federal and California renewable energy policies, the report then compares the policies of the other countries to similar laws enacted in the United States. Conclusions are drawn about why similar policies had dramatically different results in different countries.// Annual volumes online via the U.S. Dept. of Energy Web site for 1995 forward. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5084 Presents information on U.S. renewable energy consumption, capacity and electricity generation; U.S. solar thermal and photovoltaic collector manufacturing activities; and U.S. geothermal heat pump manufacturing activities. The renewable energy resources included in this report are: biomass (wood, wood waste, municipal solid waste, ethanol, and bio-diesel); geothermal; wind; solar (solar thermal and photovoltaic); and hydropower. Includes a number of interesting tables; a list of State Energy Agencies; and a glossary.// http://fermat.nap.edu/catalog/9843.html This report was done by the National Research Council on the U.S. Department of Energy's, Office of Power Technologies (OPT) and its research and development programs. The emphasis of the OPT programs is to produce electricity from renewable energy sources. Some programs focus on photovoltaic, wind, solar thermal, geothermal, bio-power, and hydroelectric energy technologies. Others focus on energy storage, electric transmission, hydrogen technologies and distributed power-generation technologies. This work covers the role of renewable energy sources; the assessments of individual programs; and an overall assessment of the Office of Power Technologies. http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_pu/renews/article_1402_en.htm €68 million have been made available from the 6th Framework Programme to support research in the area of biomass to develop second generation biofuels, new technologies for clean and cost efficient power generation from biomass, integrated biomass use through biorefineries and overcoming market barriers. Biofuels on the Road/Developing second generation biofuels: While biodiesel and bioethanol are entering the market on a much greater scale, their widespread use raises questions of environment and technology. Second generation biofuels based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from biomass fulfil all quality standards of today’s mineral based fuels and have superior environmental properties. The main objective of the RENEW project is to research and develop second generation biofuels for use in modern combustion engines. A broad range of pathways for the production of road fuels from various biomass resources will be studied. A further objective is the assessment of the energy chain, the costs and CO2-emissions. The most promising biofuels will be produced on a pilot scale.
 * 25. Herzog, Antonia V., Timothy E. Lipman, and Daniel M. Kammen.**// Renewable Energy Sources.
 * 26. National Energy Policy Development Group****.** Reliable, Affordable, and Environmentally Sound Energy for America's Future. //Washington, DC.
 * 27. Policies to Promote Non-hydro Renewable Energy in the United States and Selected Countries.** //Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration. February 2005. 30 p.
 * 28. Renewable Energy Annual.** //Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration. Annual. 1995 to the present.
 * 29. Renewable Power Pathways: A Review of the** **U.S.** **Department of Energy's Renewable Energy Programs.** //Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.
 * 30. Biofuels and Biomass**

[|http://www.bioenergynoe.org] Growth rates of renewable energy have been impressive in recent years, in particular in the areas of wind and photovoltaics. Only for biomass the projected growth rates have been significantly higher than those achieved. This is because there are a number of obstacles that prevent a more widespread use of this valuable energy source. The Network NOE-BIOENERGY covers the entire field of bio-energy. It will, in close co-operation with industry, analyse the barriers in the bio-energy area taking into account the whole biomass utilisation chain. Partner activities will be integrated to achieve a durable integration beyond the period of Community financial support. Points studied will be the heterogeneous feedstock base, competing uses of biomass, the complex properties of bio-materials, socio-economic factors related to crop production, technical challenges and economic boundary conditions.
 * 31. Closer Cooperation in Bio-energy / Overcoming barriers to the market**

http://www2.unine.ch/flex/ http://www.fullspectrum-eu.org/ €95 million have been made available from the Sixth Framework Programme for Research to increase the efficiency and reduce the costs of photovoltaic solar modules. Flexible Solar Power: Traditional solar panels are produced on glass, which increases the weight and cost of the final product. The aim of the FLEXCELLENCE project is to develop flexible (glass-free) solar panel technology that could be manufactured in a roll-to-roll process. In such a process, a long substrate of up to several kilometres is unrolled on one side and rolled up on the other side after processing. A pre-requisite for a cost-effective production process is a fast deposition rate of the micro-crystalline silicon layer, and this will be addressed in the project. Advanced Design Concepts: The aim of the FULL SPECTRUM project is to increase conversion efficiency of solar cells by using more of the available energy of the sun. For example, the theoretical maximum efficiency of a single junction solar cell is about 40%, but if several cells are stacked on top of each other, the theoretical maximum efficiency increases to 86%. This "multi-junction" concept is just one example of how researchers are developing solar cell technologies of the future. Other advanced concepts include thermo-photovoltaics, intermediate band solar cells and molecular based concepts.//
 * 32. Solar electricity**

[|//http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol35/35-15/676.html//]
//The Commission has been charged by the Pennsylvania General Assembly (General Assembly) with carrying out the provisions of the Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2 The Act establishes a 15 year schedule for complying with its mandates. The percentage of Tier I and Tier II alternative energy resources that must be included in sales to retail customers gradually increases over this period. Compliance is to be monitored for successive twelve month reporting periods that begin on June 1 and conclude on May 31 of the following calendar year. The Act provides for a true-up period, during which EDCs and EGSs may acquire any additional alternative energy credits needed for compliance, at the conclusion of each reporting period. This true-up period runs from the conclusion of each reporting period through September 1 of the same calendar year. After the conclusion of the true-up period, the Commission will verify compliance and impose alternative compliance payments as appropriate after providing notice and opportunities for hearings to affected parties.004 (Act 213 or the Act). http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/whitepaper.aspx?docid=121052 This white paper project explores a set of alternative energy scenarios, with a particular focus on the possible role for hydrogen within each and development of the associated transition pathways. These scenarios range from a World Markets scenario in which there are no explicit drivers for hydrogen to a Global Sustainability scenario in which hydrogen becomes a central component of the UK energy system. The results of the scenario exercise include storylines of the likely development of hydrogen technologies and infrastructure.
 * 34. [|The Hydrogen Energy Economy: Its Long-Term Role in Greenhouse Gas Reduction]**


 * 35. [|NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Federal Airfield, California: Installation Services and alternative energy Keep NASA Site Powered]**

http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/casestudy.aspx?docid=107236

Located in the heart of Silicon Valley in northern California, NASA Ames Research Center is one of four NASA sites across the country providing the nations' space research. The project also is helping the environment. Through a 19-year Energy Savings Performance Contact (ESPC) with Johnson Controls, NASA Ames will save $522,852 in energy costs. On top of the energy savings, reduced repair and replacements of control system components NASA will avoid costly unplanned equipment expenses and will reduce trouble calls which will free up staff to perform other tasks. http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/whitepaper.aspx?docid=105630 This paper gives a snapshot of Electric cooperatives and alternate energy. Electric cooperatives are private, independent electric utilities, owned by the consumers they serve. This local connection has resulted in electric co-ops' establishing themselves as leaders in developing and offering alternative energy programs to their consumer-owners. Electric co-ops are unique consumer-focused businesses with a mission to provide their consumers with reliable, affordable electric service. http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/whitepaper.aspx?docid=126737 As the new millennium begins, it is evident there is a growing need to rely more on alternative energy sources and less on limited conventional energy sources that often are detrimental to the environment. Fortunately in North Carolina, there are opportunities to use several renewable energy technologies that are extremely reliable, technically feasible and sustainable. These renewable energy technologies are based on an unlimited source of energy, often directly or indirectly from the sun, that have little or no negative environmental impact. This paper presents some of the most feasible renewable energy technologies in North Carolina. The technologies reviewed include solar, micro-hydropower, biomass, wind, biogas and geothermal.//
 * 36. [|Electric Cooperatives and alternative energy a Snapshot]**
 * 37. [|Overview of Renewable Energy Technologies]**

=//38. National Energy Policy: Realistic, Balanced Solutions to Real Problems//= [|//http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/whitepaper.aspx?docid=255642//] //America has serious energy problems and President George W. Bush has a comprehensive National Energy Policy to address them, including increasing supplies of traditional fossil fuels, developing alternative sources of energy, and improving energy conservation and efficiency. The President's energy policy is a rational approach to energy planning that calls for contributions from all components of the energy supply mix - oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, hydropower, renewable fuels, and conservation. There is no simple solution to the energy situation. It will take time for any realistic energy policy to achieve results. http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA058681 A literature and industry/government search was made on alternative energy sources. This energy investigation effort concentrated on photovoltaics, wind, fuel cells and thermoelectric/thermionic generators that would produce electrical energy and appeared feasible for use at Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) facilities. As an aid to identify potential FAA facilities where it might be feasible to use an alternative energy system, two questionnaires were developed and distributed with the intent that a further in-depth investigation into a few selected sites would follow. Data from these questionnaires were received and tabulated. As a result of this investigation, it was recommended that the FAA proceed to establish alternative energy demonstration sites in order to gain experience in the design, implementation, and operation of such systems. In addition it was recommended that due to the constantly changing and fast advancing nature of energy conversion systems, the FAA should expend some level of effort in continuing the literature/industry/government search initiated under this project in order to remain current on the subject. Also the FAA should establish a centralized data collection and tabulation point for energy requirements/consumption/cost data on a facility basis. http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/0705ALTENERGY.PDF This Issue Brief describes a number of state energy programs, and includes case studies of six states - Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania and Washington state. Despite diverse climates, geography, and energy resources, governors of these and other states use a number of common tools and approaches when implementing energy policy, including:// //**41. Alternative Energy Sources** http://www.hubbertpeak.com/youngquist/altenergy.htm Alternative energy sources must be compared with oil in all these various attributes when their substitution for oil is considered. None appears to completely equal oil. But oil, like other fossil fuels, is a finite resource. True, there will always be oil in the Earth, but eventually the cost to recover what remains will be beyond the value of the oil. Also, a time will be reached when the amount of energy needed to recover the oil is equals or exceeds the energy in the recovered oil, at which point oil production becomes no more than a break-even, or a net energy loss situation.
 * 39. Alternative Energy Sources for Federal Aviation Administration Facilities**
 * 40. Recent State Actions Promoting Alternative Energy**
 * //setting renewable portfolio standards;//
 * //establishing renewable fuels standards for transportation and heating fuels;//
 * //setting standards for energy use by government (e.g., buildings and fleets);//
 * //establishing financing mechanisms for advanced energy programs;//
 * //measuring and monitoring energy savings and environmental benefits; and//
 * //implementing comprehensive state energy plans that combine many of the above elements.//
 * 42. Tidal Power**

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/seagen-tidal-power-installation/ Paul Taylor: Installation Of The World’s First Commercial Tidal Current Power System Confirmed. Marine Current Turbines has today (June 6th 2007) confirmed that installation of its SeaGen commercial tidal energy system will commence during the week of August 20th in Northern Ireland’s Strangford Lough. At 1.2MW capacity, SeaGen will be the world’s largest ever tidal current device by a significant margin, and will generate clean and sustainable electricity for approximately 1000 homes. It is also a world first in being a prototype for commercial technology to be replicated on a large scale over the next few years. http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/wind-power-rotating-skyscraper/ Residents of Dubai may one day experience a unique and constantly changing skyline thanks to Dynamic Architecture’s wind powered rotating skyscraper. The main idea behind their concept involves a central concrete core surrounded by 59 independently rotating levels. The skyscraper would generate its own electricity from the massive horizontal wind turbines that would be stacked in between each floor. This idea may seem outlandish or impossibly expensive, but the oil price boom in Dubai has already funded many other similarly massive and complex architectural projects. If oil prices continue to increase these rotating wonders may be seen on Dubai’s horizon within the next few years. http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/e85-health-report/ Phil Lampert, Executive Director of the National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition, responds to a recent health report about the potential health and pollution risks of e85 ethanol. The report warns of possible cancer and ozone-related health consequences of a large-scale conversion from gasoline to ethanol, comparing the effects of gasoline vehicle emissions with those from ethanol fuel. Lampert argues that the report's negative conclusions are unrealistic and he maintains that the NEVC will continue to support the use of e85 as a fuel source, along with all other fuel alternatives like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas, electricity, hydrogen and other yet-to-be defined fuels.
 * 43. Wind Power**
 * 44. Ethanol Politics**

http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2005/january05/alternateenergy.htm In the past few years, we have been barraged with the news of rising energy prices and extreme instability in the areas where our energy is located. You have to be wondering if there is a better way. This article hopes to show that there is. The Web is full of sites on energy, from the basics to the ultrafantastic. For each energy source I have tried to find one site that is a good, solid representation of that type of energy. My bias (or perhaps emphasis), whenever it appears, is in regards to an energy source’s usefulness in transportation. http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=rwbr&FC2=/rwbr/html/iwgen/leftnavs/zzz_lhn2_2_0.html&FC3=/rwbr/html/iwgen/about_shell/wind/wind_1017.html__//// __Making electricity with wind turbines is becoming more cost-effective. The remaining challenges include securing suitable locations for industrial-scale developments that reduce local concerns and preparing transmission grids to take large amounts of power from this intermittent source. In five years, Shell WindEnergy has become one of the largest wind power developers in the world. We have major new projects underway in the USA and are exploring opportunities in China with a leading local energy supplier. We are also using our experience from oil and gas production at sea to tackle the operating and cost challenges of running large wind power projects offshor http://www.crest.org/solar/DraftBillOnPVMarketDevelopment.pdf The recently passed Nevada legislation to establish a Renewable Portfolio Standard intended to bring these additional values of economic diversification to the state and this proposal builds on that effort by establishing a three-year pilot program to accelerate the market development for distributed PV installations in schools, public buildings, and individual residential and small business establishments. The Program will offer specific incentives in order to encourage the development of these markets, develop the skilled labor force necessary to implement the projects, and to capture valuable public benefits these projects offer. http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binaries/NC_Economic_Development.pdf Offshore wind farms are wind developments located in submerged lands, lands that are owned by state and federal governments. Commercial activity on these submerged lands, such as an electricity-generating wind farm, will not directly benefit local communities in terms of land leases, royalty payments, local ownership, and property taxes. Local communities can nevertheless benefit directly and indirectly from offshore wind facilities once a system is established that will channel monies to these affected local communities. Direct benefits include the collection of royalties or equity from facilities and the creationof new jobs. An increase in local services to support the new jobs created, a preferential bidding system, and existing community development programs are some ways in which a local community could benefit indirectly.
 * 45. Alternative energy: Resources from coal to wind**
 * 46. Shell Wind Energy**
 * 47.** **Nevada** **Program to Accelerate the Market for Distributed PV Systems Using**
 * Incentive in the Renewable Portfolio Standard**
 * 48. BENEFITING** **NORTH CAROLINA** **COMMUNITIES WITH OFFSHORE WIND FARMS**

http://www.livescience.com/environment/top10_power_21stcentury.html Scientists are racing to perfect greener sources of energy to improve the environment and reduce dependence on oil and other fossil fuels. Some predict a hydrogen economy. Others say solar is the way to go. Wilder schemes involve sky-high wind turbines or antimatter engines. LiveScience explores the expectations, myths and realities of 10 top possibilities. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/environment/conservationnow/global/energy/page4.shtml Fossil fuels include peat, coal, crude oil, and natural gas. At current levels of consumption the world's oil will run out by 2030, natural gas by 2040 and coal by the year 2200. In the industrialized nations, a quarter of the world's population uses 70% of the planet's fossil fuels. Plus the other 9 on the list. http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html The Energy Information Administration (EIA), created by Congress in 1977, is a statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy. Our mission is to provide policy-independent data, forecasts, and analyses to promote sound policy making, efficient markets, and public understanding regarding energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables/aft1-13_03.html Web site containing statistics for how many cars are using fuel alternatives with project growth volumes. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/landfillgas/landfillgas.html Municipal solid waste contains significant portions of organic materials that produce a variety of gaseous products when dumped, compacted, and covered in landfills. Anaerobic bacteria thrives in the oxygen-free environment, resulting in the decomposition of the organic materials and the production of primarily carbon dioxide and methane. Carbon dioxide is likely to leach out of the landfill because it is soluble in water. Methane, on the other hand, which is less soluble in water and lighter than air, is likely to migrate out of the landfill. Landfill gas energy facilities capture the methane (the principal component of natural gas) and combust it for energy. http://www.romow.com/tech-blog/everywhere-energy-the-latest-in-alternative-energy-sources/ In [|Missouri], a plant has been created that converts animal body parts to oil. Apparently, turkey is the most popular animal of their choice. Not only will the turkey make for a good Thanksgiving dinner, it will also now provide you the energy that you will have more reasons to celebrate Thanksgiving for! Also, aside from the bones and other hard parts, the fatty parts which we do not eat are now also being used to develop biological fuel. [|Vietnam] is known to be doing this to their cat fish these days, and other countries are also following suit. http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2007/HultmanetalNuclearViewpoint2007.pdf In response to energy security and environmental concerns, the U.S. is collaborating with nine other countries to develop fourth-generation nuclear reactor technology, which is intended to be safer than current reactors, be available at lower total cost, and incur financial risks no greater than those for other energy technologies. In this article, we discuss the financial risks for new nuclear power to achieve its cost objectives, from a three decade historical database of delivered costs from each of 99 individual U.S. nuclear reactors. We argue that past technology development patterns indicate the importance of including high-cost surprises in the planning process. http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2006/IFPRI-Bioenergy-Focus-Briefs-2006.pdf Bioenergy issues and biofuels have been on FAO's agenda for decades. In the context of the mitigation of climate change, biofuels have gained renewed attention. Issues connected with bioenergy are: · Current energy systems in industrialized countries are largely based on the use of fossil fuels. · Worldwide, more than 50 percent of the wood harvested is used as fuel. For some developing countries fuelwood consumption represents over 80 percent of wood harvested. · In some cases the use of fuelwood contributes to severe forest degradation and deforestation. · On the other hand, sustainable production and utilization of biofuels enhance rural livelihood systems and substitute fossil fuels, thus contributing to climate change mitigation. [|[[http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2007/NemeKamm_EP07.pdf\|http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2007/NemeKamm_EP07.pdf]]] Investment in energy research and development in the U.S. is declining despite calls for an enhancement of the nation’s capacity for innovation to address environmental, geopolitical, and macroeconomic concerns. We examine investments in research and development in the energy sector, and observe broad-based declines in funding since the mid-1990s. The large reductions in investment by the private sector should be a particular area of concern for policy makers. Multiple measures of patenting activity reveal widespread declines in innovative activity that are correlated with research and development (R&D) investment—notably in the environmentally significant wind and solar areas. Trends in venture capital investment and fuel cell innovation are two promising cases that run counter to the overall trends in the sector. We draw on prior work on the optimal level of energy R&D to identify a range of values which would be adequate to address energy-related concerns. Comparing simple scenarios based on this range to past public R&D programs and industry investment data indicates that a five to ten-fold increase in energy R&D investment is both warranted and feasible.
 * 49. Power of the Future: 10 Ways to Run the 21st Century**
 * 50.Global Eco Top Ten**
 * 51. Energy Information Administration**
 * 52. Fuel Alternative Vehicles**
 * 53. Landfill Gas**
 * 54. The latest in Alternative Energy Sources**
 * 55. What History can Teach us About Future Costs?**
 * 56. Bioenergy and Agriculture: Promises and Challenges, November 2006.**
 * 57. U.S. energy research and development: Declining investment, increasing** **need, and the feasibility of expansion**

http://rael.berkeley.edu/ebamm/FarrellEthanolScience012706.pdf To study the potential effects of increased biofuel use, we evaluated six representative analyses of fuel ethanol. Studies that reported negative net energy incorrectly ignored coproducts and used some obsolete data. All studies indicated that current corn ethanol technologies are much less petroleum-intensive than gasoline but have greenhouse gas emissions similar to those of gasoline. However, many important environmental effects of biofuel production are poorly understood. New metrics that measure specific resource inputs are developed, but further research into environmental metrics is needed. Nonetheless, it is already clear that large-scale use of ethanol for fuel will almost certainly require cellulosic technology.
 * 58. Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals**

http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2005/JacobsonKammen_TheBridgeW2005.pdf Article that human activity can transform the planet. And has led to a new field of scienece called Substainability Science. http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2004/lipman-edwards-kammen-fuelcelleconomics-2004.pdf This investigation examines the economics of producing electricity from proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems under various conditions, including the possibility of using fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) to produce power when they are parked at office buildings and residences. The analysis shows that the economics of both stationary fuel cell and FCV-based power vary significantly with variations in key input variables such as the price of natural gas, electricity prices, fuel cell andreformer system costs, and fuel cell system durability levels. The ‘‘central case’’ results show that stationary PEM fuel cell systems can supply electricity for offices and homes in California at a net savings when fuel cell system costs reach about $6000 for a 5kW home system ($1200/kW) and $175,000 for a 250kW commercial system ($700/kW) andassuming somewhat favorable natural gas costs of $6/GJ at residences and $4/GJ at commercial buildings. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++__
 * 59. Science and Engineering Research that Values the Planet**
 * 60. FUEL CELL SYSTEM ECONOMICS: COMPARING THE COSTS OF GENERATING POWER WITH STATIONARY AND MOTOR VEHICLE PEM FUEL CELL SYSTEMS, April 2004.**

__**Katie Ertmer Annotated Bibliography June 21, 2007**__//


 * Bahgat, Gawdat. “United States Energy Security.” __The Journal of Social, Political and__**


 * __Economic Studies__ 26.3 (Fall 2001): 515-542.**

The author, Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, examines the history of U.S. oil consumption as well as strategies to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil. He argues that obtaining a higher degree of energy independence will require a multi-faceted approach consisting of at least the following five components: increasing domestic production through technological advances, conservation, nuclear power, increasing the strategic petroleum reserve, and developing a comprehensive energy policy for the entire western hemisphere. Bahgat concludes that in the near-term the Persian Gulf will remain a primary source of imported U.S. oil, and he argues that a solution to what President Bush calls the “energy crisis” will take time.


 * Bandyopadhyay, Gopal, Fathollah Bagheri, and Michael Mann. “Reduction of Fossil Fuel**


 * Emissions in the USA: A Holistic Approach Towards Policy Formulation.” __Energy__**


 * __Policy__ 35.2 (February 2007): 950-965.**

The authors, from the Departments of Economics and Energy Engineering at the University of North Dakota, analyze the impacts of a carbon tax in the United States using economic date from 2001. Comparing a theoretical carbon tax with current taxes in the United Sates and carbon taxes in other countries, they examine how high a carbon tax would have to be in order to control emissions, whether a carbon tax could be progressive, and what the impact on household income would be if a carbon tax were implemented in the Untied States. The authors conclude that a carbon tax of $47.70 per ton of carbon would offset the tax cuts from 2001 and would create enough of an impact to result in more efficient energy consumption. Only the lowest income group in the 2001 tax code would experience a change in its tax rate as a result of a $47.70 tax per ton of carbon.


 * Barker, Lynne. “Seattle’s Policy: ‘Lead by Example’.” __ASHRAE__ 46.10 (2004): 72-77.**

The author, a sustainable development planner for the City of Seattle, writes about Seattle’s requirement that all City projects over 5000 square feet meet the standards for LEED certification or registration. An interdepartmental “Green Building Team” implements the policy for the City and advocates for private developers to follow the City’s lead. Seattle saves approximately $800,000 per year in operating costs as a result of the initial investment in sustainable building design and construction. The last several pages of the article include summaries of several City projects, providing a useful insight into how energy policy can be implemented at the local level.


 * Barker, Terry, Paul Ekins. “The Costs of Kyoto for the US Economy.” __Energy Journal__**


 * 25.3 (2004): 53-71.**

The authors, researchers from the University of Cambridge and the University of Westminster, conduct a literature review of research conducted prior to the United States rejection of the Kyoto Protocol. Barker and Ekins attempt to discover ways to mitigate climate change without significantly harming the U.S. economy. Their literature review uncovers several surprising findings, most notably that the Kyoto Protocol would not result in significant costs to the U.S economy so long as emission-reduction policies were “well-designed.” The authors point out that any energy policy that requires reduction of emissions would result in significant costs for certain sectors (i.e. coal), and that compensation to those sectors would probably be required if a policy were to be politically acceptable.


 * Barry, Chris. “Alternative Energy From the Sea: The New Paradigm, a Call to Action.”**


 * __Marine Technology and SNAME News__ 44.2 (April 2007): 31-34.**

This article is an edited presentation given by Chris Barry, chair of the Small Craft Committee for the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Barry argues that the U.S. is in need of a new energy paradigm and that ocean energy can provide ways of mitigating the U.S. “addiction to oil.” Two of the energy sources Barry describes are Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and ocean farming. The article provides insight into energy sources and types of conservation that are not typical talking points in the mainstream media.


 * Bezdek, Roger, Robert M. Wendling. “Fuel Efficiency and the Economy.” __American__**


 * __Scientist__ 93.2 (March/April 2005): 132-140.**

The authors, president and vice-president of an economic research firm called Management Information Services, examine how much fuel the U.S. would save by enacting standards that require greater fuel efficiency, whether such standards would harm the U.S. economy, and whether fuel economy standards would cost thousands of jobs as was argued when the McCain-Kerry bill was voted down in 2002. Using input-output models, the authors come to the conclusions that new CAFÉ (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards would not be detrimental to the economy as a whole, that automotive industries would actually benefit from the new standards, and that oil-related industries would suffer. This article provides a good policy-level analysis of competing issues with respect to fuel economy standards.


 * Birger, Jon. “McCain’s Farm Flip.” __Fortune__ 154.10 (November 13, 2006): 65-66.**

Birger analyzes John McCain’s apparent shift in opinion on ethanol as a result of the Senator’s presidential campaign. The article highlights the difference between what is politically-feasible and what may be in the best interest of the U.S. as a whole. The article presents a good case study of how special interests shape political campaigns and national energy policy.


 * Black, Harvey. “A Luxury Tax on Energy.” __Environmental Health Perspective__ 111.2**


 * (2003): A85.**

The author provides a brief report on an energy impact fee program that the City of Aspen, Colorado imposes on luxury homes over 5,000 square feet that exceed a predetermined budget for operating the home. The money collected through the fees is used to pay for sustainable energy infrastructure in city-funded housing or park projects.


 * Blanks, David P. “Fuel Cells: Powerful Implications.” __Air and Space Power Journal__**


 * (Spring 2004): Retrieved June 1, 2007**


 * http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj04/spr04/blanks.html.**

The author, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force, argues that fuel cell technology has the potential to transform the world, both in terms of climate and in terms of geopolitics. The author models four potential fuel cell scenarios and concludes that the Air Force can and should lead the way in developing and using fuel cell technology. This article provides a valuable look at how the government, using the armed forces, could pioneer the use of sustainable technologies in order to prevent the military from having to enter conflict to secure oil for U.S. consumption.


 * Brown, Lester. “Ethanol Could Leave the World Hungry.” __Fortune__ 154.4**


 * (August 16, 2006).**

The author, president of the Earth Policy Institute, argues that ethanol will be insufficient to meet U.S. demand for gasoline and that the world’s grain resources could be put to better use by feeding the two billion hungry people in the world. Brown states that better alternatives, such as gas-electric hybrids and increasing fuel efficiency standards, could achieve the same degree of independence from foreign oil without the negative side effect of increasing food prices and leading to increased world-wide hunger.


 * Buecker, Brad. “Hitting the Gas.” __Environmental Protection__ 17.6 (July 2006).**

The author, a chemical supervisor at a power plant with a B.S. in chemistry from Iowa State University, lists several “biomass to energy” research projects currently underway at ISU and other institutions. Buecker, like several other authors, argues that using crop residue and other vegetation can significantly reduce the U.S. dependency on foreign oil. Despite the fact that the author briefly touches on a research project that examines the negative environmental impacts associated with growing crops for energy, this article appears to be a thinly veiled promotion of corn-based ethanol. For example, the article never examines the critical issue of whether there would be a net energy savings as a result of growing crops for energy.


 * Calahan, Scott. “Geothermal Technology: A Smart Way to Lower Energy Bills.” __Tech__**


 * __Directions__ 66.7 (February 2007): 12-15.**

The author explains how a geothermal system works and shares his experience with a geothermal heating and air conditioning system in his own home. The author argues that although the upfront costs of installing a geothermal system in a home exceed the cost of a traditional HVAC system, the expense is generally offset by the savings in energy costs over the life of a home. The author also lists environmental benefits associated with the use of a geothermal system, including the reduced electricity demand as well as the lack of onsite emissions.


 * Campbell, David. “The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility**


 * Vehicle.” __American Quarterly__ 57.3 (September 2005): 943-974.**

The author, a professor of cultural and political geography at Durham University, examines the relationship between sports-utility vehicles and the security of the United States. Campbell argues that given the cultural importance of “automobility,” linking personal gasoline consumption to support for terrorism is problematic for those who desire to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil. The author argues that tweaking public policy (through CAFÉ standards, for example) will not suffice unless some cultural changes (such as replacing the SUV) take place.


 * Caplinger, Christopher. “The Politics of Trusteeship Governance: Jimmy Carter’s Fight**


 * for a Standby Gasoline Rationing Plan.” __Presidential Studies Quarterly__ 26 (Summer**


 * 1996) 778-794.**

The author, a doctoral candidate in history at Vanderbilt University, examines the debate over standby gasoline rationing during Jimmy Carter’s presidency. The author explores the gulf between Carter (who thought Congress should grant rationing authority because it was right for the country) and Congress (whose members were forced to do what was popular in their home districts regardless of what was right for the country). This article provides a good discussion of the debate over the proper role of government with respect to energy consumption.


 * Carbaugh, Robert and Charles Wassell, Jr. “Reducing American Dependence on Oil.”**


 * __Challenge__ 49.6 (November/December 2006): 55-77.**

The authors, professors of economics at Central Washington University, argue that the rate at which the U.S. consumes oil and the rate at which it imports oil from other countries endanger national security by exposing the U.S. economy to oil shocks. This article mainly focuses on reduction of demand (as opposed to increased domestic consumption) as a means to decrease dependence on foreign oil. The authors list a number of options including rationing, (through both transferable and nontransferable coupons) increasing the gasoline tax, and implementing higher fuel economy requirements. The article is a good summary of a variety of options.


 * Cavazos, Roberto J. and Terry F. Buss. “Electric Industry Restructuring: An Overview of**


 * the Policy Issues.” __Review of Policy Research__ 20.2 (Summer 2003): 203-217.**

The authors, professors at the School of Policy and Management at Florida International University, use the crisis associated with deregulation of California’s electric industry to illustrate the problems that can arise when electricity is deregulated. The authors argue that California’s experience should not discourage efforts to deregulate the electric industry and that California made some major mistakes that should be avoided by others in the future. The authors are clearly proponents of deregulation which may, to a certain point, discredit their arguments.


 * Chapp, Richard W. “Nuclear Power and Public Health.” __Environmental Health__**


 * __Perspective__ 113.11 (November 2005): A720-721.**

The author, a professor of public health at Boston University School of Public Health, argues that there are too many problems with nuclear power to justify using it as a substitute for fossil fuel. Chapp states that because of problems with storing spent cores, the cost of constructing new facilities, and the negative health effects seen in workers at nuclear plants, the United States should turn to alternative fuels instead of increasing production of nuclear power.


 * Costello, Richard J. “New Turbine Technology is Blowing in the Wind.” __Mass High Tech:__**


 * __The Journal of New England Technology__ (June 23, 2006).**

The author, president of an energy management and procurement firm, argues for the use of new, smaller-scale wind technology as a cost-effective alternative on a wide-spread basis. The article explains how the new turbines minimize the problems associated with large turbines (such as size, bird endangerment, and noise pollution) and how they can affordably be purchased and operated by individual firms.


 * Daneke, Gregory A. “Sustainable Development as Systemic Choices.” __Policy Studies__**


 * __Journal__ 29.3 (2001): 514-532.**

The author, a professor of management at Arizona State University, writes about the interactions between the international market, firms, and governments with respect to sustainable development. The author argues that as the world grows and becomes more technologically advanced, it will be important to use resources in a more conservative manner. Daneke states that more sustainable resource use must be accomplished through “institutional hybrids” (otherwise known as public-private partnerships) and that the world will not be able to rely on short-term profit motives of firms to better conserve the world’s resources. This article is poorly articulated and extremely dense.


 * Darby, Michael R., Lynne G. Zucker, and Andrew Wang. “Joint Ventures, Universities,**


 * and Success in the Advanced Technology Program.” __Contemporary Economic Policy__ 22.2**


 * (April 2004): 145-161.**

The authors (Darby and Zucker are professors at UCLA, and Wang is a senior economist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology) use a regression analysis to determine whether the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) results in increased innovation and financial success on the part of firms that participate in the program. The ATP is a program that provides grants to firms that develop new technologies and products. The authors find that the ATP results in the successful development of new products and contributes to the overall success of participating firms. This article provides a good discussion of public-private partnerships as well as some detail on U.S. patent policy.


 * Dawson, Jim. “Nuclear Power Needs Government Incentives, Says Task Force.” __Physics__**


 * __Today__ (May 2005): 29-30.**

The author summarizes the recommendations of a U.S. Department of Energy Task Force that the government subsidize the construction and operation of a new generation of nuclear power plants. The task force said that it is in the best interest of the country to turn to nuclear power because it is economically feasible and clean. Among the recommendation of the task force were a 50-50 cost sharing up to $200 million and streamlined licensing and permitting processes. The task force found that private investment in nuclear power waned because demand for energy did not grow as quickly as predicted, making nuclear power uneconomical and that now that energy demand is on the rise, private investors are more willing to put money into nuclear power, but not without substantial government backing. One could argue that if the technology and process still needs such significant federal assistance, it is not an economically feasible alternative.


 * Deling, Wei, et al. “The Coming Oil Crisis.” __UMAP Journal__ 26.2 (2005): 127-146.**

The authors, all students at East China University of Science and Technology, model the depletion of the world’s oil resources by using demand data from 1973-2003. They determine that, unless preventive action is taken, the world’s oil will be consumed by 2032. The authors use their model to create a formula to allocate oil among generations, and they examine how well alternative fuels could substitute for oil. The authors conclude that the world must act quickly to implement use of alternative fuels to avoid economic disruptions. This article is questionable because there seems to be no corroborating sources that argue that oil will be depleted in 25 years.


 * Dias De Oliveira, Marcelo E., Burton E. Vaughan, Edward J. Rykiel Jr. “Ethanol as Fuel:**


 * Energy, Carbon Dioxide Balances, and Ecological Footprint.” __BioScience__ 55.7**


 * (July 2005): 593-602.**

The authors, all associated with Washington State University Tri-Cities, attempt to determine whether ethanol could be used as a substitute for fossil fuels and at the same time decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The authors apply a STELLA model to the ethanol industries in Brazil and the United States to calculate the total ecological footprint of using ethanol. The authors find that if the entire U.S. automobile fleet were to use E85 for fuel, the entire country (with the exception of major cities) would have to be planted with corn. As a result, the authors conclude that using ethanol as a substitute for gasoline is neither sustainable nor is it ecologically friendly. This article provides a good discussion of the pitfalls associated with ethanol production and consumption that are not normally a part of the public discussion. This article also fits nicely with the article by Chris Barry, “Alternative Energy From the Sea” about using kelp and algae as a source of plant material for ethanol.


 * Eisberg, Neil. “Renewable Energy Could Curb Climate Change in U.S.” __Chemistry and__**


 * __Industry__ Issue 5 (March 12, 2007): 7.**

The author provides a review of a report by the American Solar Energy Society given at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The report stated that by the year 2030, the U.S. could cut its carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by using alternative energy. Additionally, the report argued that by simply improving the efficiency of current electricity usage, the U.S. could keep carbon dioxide emissions constant over the next 25 years. The report urged increased use of the following energy generation types: thermal and photovoltaic solar power, wind, biomass-derived power, and geothermal power. The author notes that Greenpeace and the Sierra Club support the findings of the report.


 * Espey, Molly. “Pollution Control and Energy Conservation: Complements or Antagonists?**


 * A Study of Gasoline Taxes and Automobile Fuel Economy Standards.” __Energy__**


 * __Journal__ 18.2 (1997): 23-38.**

The author argues that the conventional wisdom that higher fuel taxes and fuel economy standards reduce air pollution is wrong; the author asserts that such measures could actually increase emissions. With respect to fuel taxes, the author reasons that because short-run demand for fuel is inelastic, a fuel tax would not reduce consumption of gasoline and would therefore not reduce emissions. Espey argues that in order to be effective, a fuel tax would need to have associated with it a “binding emissions per mile standard”. With respect to fuel economy standards, the author argues that increased fuel economy will lead to increased driving and therefore no net savings to the amount of gasoline consumed or the amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced. The author claims that the only real way to reduce emissions is to produce technologies that reduce tailpipe emissions.


 * Faruqui, Ahmad, et al. “Analyzing California’s Power Crisis.” __Energy Journal__ 22.4 (2001):**


 * 29-52.**

The authors, all associated with the Electric Power Research Institute, examine California’s power crisis with the goal of deriving lessons to be applied to future power crises. In their seven-section paper, the authors coin the term //California Syndrome// to describe a situation where a number of events (rather than a single catastrophic event) cause a power crisis. Some of the lessons learned from the California power crisis include the following: wholesale and retail energy markets should both be deregulated at the same time, regulators should ensure that restructuring encourages investing in the transmission and distribution networks, and regulators should streamline the permitting process for new power plants. This article provides a good discussion of market design and energy policy.


 * Finley, Beck. “The Laws of Conservation.” __EC&M__ (November 2005).**

The author argues that conservation of energy needs to take a more prominent role in U.S. energy policy both through continued incentives to the business industry, but also through increased innovation on the part of government so that it does not have to rely on the private sector to slowly develop efficient technologies. This article is written from the perspective of building design and construction, and the author advocates for the use of LEED standards in new construction as well as energy conservation on the part of building owners. Finley argues that since commercial buildings use 70% of all electricity and 35% of all energy in the U.S., there is an opportunity to generate huge savings of energy through sustainable building design. This article provides an excellent timeline of U.S. energy regulation starting in 1946.


 * Fiskel, Joseph. “Sustainability and Resilience: Toward a Systems Approach.”**


 * __Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy__ 2.2 (Fall 2006): 14-21.**

The author, associated with Ohio State University, summarizes topics of discussion at a symposium held at OSU in March 2006. Fiskel argues for a comprehensive approach to worldwide sustainability because of the risk of unknowns when dealing with separate components of sustainability. For example, studying the effects on carbon emissions of using corn-based ethanol in the United States would not be a comprehensive analysis without also examining the agriculture industry in this country and around the world. The author recounts some of the recommendations that came from the symposium, including the following: develop modeling and decision-making approaches that incorporate multiple choices and solutions and encourage multi-disciplinary cooperation at the university level and throughout the government. The author encourages development of adaptive policies so that the world is not committed to a single course of action in the event of unforeseen circumstances. This article is somewhat circumspect and is therefore not as useful as many other articles.


 * Folke, Carl, Lance Gunderson. “Facing Global Change Through Social-Ecological**


 * Research.” __Ecology and Society__ 11.2 (2006): 43-47.**

In this editorial, the authors summarize a number of other articles that are in the issue of __Ecology and Society__, and they argue that although some people perceive that the United States has turned a corner with respect to awareness of environmental issues, current public policy and science lag behind the curve. This is not a very helpful article because it is very short, and it is not extremely relevant. However, it does provide interesting background on how leaders in the ecological field perceive current public policy as it relates to sustainability.


 * “Foreign Affairs Preemption and State Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.”**


 * __Harvard Law Review__ 119 (2006): 1877-1898.**

This law review provides an interesting overview of how the Supreme Court has extended the notion that only the federal government can carry out foreign policy to the arena of environmental regulations. Recent rulings have resulted in a somewhat blurry line between with is within the powers of individual states to regulate with respect to greenhouse gases. The law review calls for a more clear distinction between state and federal powers especially in the current era when foreign affairs extend well beyond the reach of the federal government.


 * Fox, Christopher. “States Set Sights on ‘Eco’ Growth.” __Forum for Applied Research__**


 * __and Public Policy__ 11 (Winter 1996): 72-81.**

Although it is dated, this article provides a good look at how ‘eco’ growth impacts public policy at a state level. It also illustrates how far the industry has come in slightly more than 10 years.


 * Hake, John M., Donald M.D. Gray, and Steve Kallal. “Power Diet.” __Water Environmental__**


 * __Technology__ 16.5 (May 2004): 37-40.**

The authors, all civil engineers, provide a case study of how an East Bay Municipal Utilities District (East Bay MUD) water treatment plant reevaluated and changed its operations in the aftermath of California’s energy crisis. As a response, the plant increased its onsite power generation capabilities and worked to reduce the power demand of the plant. East Bay MUD was able to increase its own power production by 50% and decrease its power demand by 13%, which resulted in a decrease in energy costs by approximately $500,000. This article is interesting because the wastewater treatment plant in Yuba City is currently installing a 4-acre field of solar panels to allow it to produce a portion of its required energy.


 * Hansen, Teresa. “Strong Wind Uncovers Weaknesses.” __Power Engineering International__.**


 * (May 2006).**

Hansen, the editor of the periodical, discusses the successful year that the wind industry had in 2005, and she details the obstacles the industry will need to overcome in the future if it is to continue its upward trend. The 2005 success included installations of $3 billion in new generating equipment and a boost in the industry’s generating fleet by more than 35%. Some of the obstacles likely to be faced by the industry include the uncertainty of the federal tax credits that help finance new construction, parts availability, and construction equipment availability. This article provides a good overview of the inner-workings of a specific alternative energy industry.


 * Homer, Julia. “Blowing in the Wind.” __CFO Magazine__ (July 1, 2006): retrieved**


 * May 30, 2007. [|www.cfo.com]**

In this brief editorial, the author argues that if oil prices continue to increase, there will be enough incentive to increase efforts to develop alternative fuels. She cautions that the CFOs at alternative fuel companies need to practice sound financial discipline to encourage investment in their companies. This article may be useful in that it addresses the management side of alternative energy, not just the development of the technology.


 * Isser, Steven N. and Marcela Tribble. “Wholesaling in Electricity: Inching Along.” __Review__**


 * __of Policy Research__ 20.2 (Summer 2003): 239-253.**

The authors, an attorney and a public policy professor, advocate for the deregulation of the electric utility industry. Like several other authors, they cite the California energy crisis as an example of what not to do. The authors argue that when the deregulated energy market is designed, it must not consist of a number of submarkets that have different regulations. The authors are interested to see whether the FERC, formerly a simple regulatory agency, can design a functional system. This article provides a good discussion of the role of the federal government in regulation of the electric utility industry.


 * Jaccard, Mark, et. al. “Modeling the Cost of Climate Policy: Distinguishing Between**


 * Alternative Cost Definitions and Long-Run Cost Dynamics.” __The Energy Journal__**


 * 24.1 (2003): 49-73.**

In order to develop sound policy to reduce greenhouse gases, policy makers need to be able to rely on accurate estimates of the costs associated with reductions. The authors argue that accurate estimates are difficult for policy makers to obtain because of the variety of interest groups that each develop their own estimates, some of which may be of dubious reliability. The authors attempt to determine the cost of reducing greenhouse gases in order to provide policy makers with reliable estimates. The authors advocate using a hybrid model in order to capture both hard costs to businesses as well as less-obvious benefits to consumers or businesses such as increased consumer surplus. The authors also argue that hybrid models are more useful when dealing with the cost of uncertainty.


 * Jaffe, Adam B. and Josh Lerner. “Reinventing Public R & D: Patent Policy and the**


 * Commercialization of National Laboratory Technologies.” __Journal of Economics__**


 * 32.1 (Spring 2001): 167-198.**

In this article, the authors challenge the conventional wisdom that partnerships between researchers and the National Laboratories are not as effective as partnerships between researchers and public universities. The authors conduct an analysis of new patents generated through partnerships with National Laboratories since 1980 and determine that the National Laboratories are just as effective as public universities in promoting innovation and creating new technology. This article ties nicely with the article by Darby et al. and their discussion of the Advanced Technology Program.


 * Joskow, Paul L. “Markets for Power in the United States: An Interim Assessment.” __The__**


 * __Energy Journal__ 27.1 (2006): 1-37.**

The author, a professor of economics at MIT, examines the progress that has been made in the deregulation of the wholesale and retail electric utility industries. The author concludes that deregulation, although it has come a long way, is only partially finished. He argues that it is unclear whether politicians will have the will to implement truly difficult changes that are necessary to design a system that is functional. Through trial and error (such as in California) many, if not most, of the technical hurdles to wholesale deregulation have been overcome. The author concludes by saying that at the present time the glass is half-full, which implies Joskow feels that although deregulation is only partially completed, the country is on the right track.


 * Kae-Long Lin. “Éffects of the Basicity on the Comeltin Conditions of Municipal Solid**


 * Waste Incinerator Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash.” __Journal of Air and Waste__**


 * __Management Association__ Volume 56 (December 2006): 1743-1749.**

In this technical paper, the author studies how modifying the basicity of sewage sludge impacts the energy efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant. This article is far too technical to be of much use. However, it provides a good example of how energy efficiency can very simply be achieved in one aspect of the public sector. The article illustrates that energy efficiency may be found in a wide variety of ways.


 * Kortum, Samuel and Josh Lerner. “Assessing the Contribution of Venture Capital to**


 * Innovation.” __Journal of Economics__ 31.4 (Winter 2000): 674-692.**

The authors examine the patenting rates and the rates at which venture capital was contributed toward research and development from 1979 through 1999 in order to determine whether influxes of private funding has an impact on innovation. It may seem obvious, but the authors found that increased venture capital funding was associated with an increase in the number of patents issued. Interestingly, the authors note that although venture capital accounted for 3% of the research and development funding, they estimate that venture capital may be attributed to approximately 8% of the patents. This article ties nicely with the articles by Darby et al. and Jaffe and Lerner because it underscores the importance of private funding to achieve innovation.


 * Manuel, John. “Battle of the Biofuels.” __Environmental Health Perspectives__ 115.2**


 * (February 2007): A92-A97.**

The author provides a review of a study conducted by professors at the University of Minnesota and St. Olaf University that examined whether biofuels (specifically corn ethanol and soybean biodiesel) were beneficial to the United States with respect to reducing dependence on foreign oil, cost of production, and environmental impact. The study is full of troubling findings, including the overarching statement that “the numbers (for ethanol) just don’t work”. The article concludes on a more positive note by arguing for development of technology that would enable the U.S. to convert biomass that would otherwise be discarded into useful energy.


 * Marshall, Jeffrey. “Corporate Social Responsibility: Hard Choices on Soft Issues.”**


 * __Financial Executive__ 21.6 (July/August 2005): 44-50.**

The author argues that although corporations in the United States have come a long way toward being more socially responsible since the 1970s, companies in the U.S. still have a long way to go in comparison to their European and Japanese counterparts. The article includes examples of U.S. companies that are committed to corporate social responsibility as well as companies that are not.


 * May, Peter J. and Chris Koski. “State Environmental Policies: Analyzing Green Building**


 * Mandates.” __Review of Policy Research__ 24.1 (2007): 49-65.**

This article examines why some states require their own buildings to adhere to green standards and why other states do not, considering that such green building mandates have been adopted with little public controversy. The authors attribute the policies to “board room” politics where policy is created with the input of policy makers, bureaucrats, and industry professionals. The authors argue that green building policies (or mandates) further the case that states have been the leaders in implementing environmentally sound policies. This article is important in that it illustrates the interaction that takes place between politicians, staff, and industry in setting state environmental policy.


 * Mossman, Kenneth. “Restructuring Nuclear Regulations.” __Environmental Health__**


 * __Perspectives__ 111.1 (January 2003): 13-17.**

Since the early 1980s, nuclear regulatory costs have risen by 250%, and the author examines how nuclear regulations could safely be restructured in order to cut costs. The author makes three somewhat technical recommendations to change the regulations to save money. This article is important because it highlights the role played by government as a regulatory agency and the impact government can have on producing affordable alternative energy.


 * Newberry, David M. “Why Tax Energy? Towards a More Rational Policy.” __The Energy__**


 * __Journal__ 26.3 (2005): 1-39.**

The author, a professor of economics at the University of Cambridge, argues that due to the array of discrepancies in energy tax policies within and across countries, it is time to reform energy taxation. The author provides a number of justifications for creating homogenous energy excise taxes. He notes that if implemented, his recommendations for taxing gasoline could be as low as $0.26 per gallon or as high as $2.00 per gallon. The author also recommends taxing carbon, as well as a variety of other commodities associated with energy. At the end of his article, Newberry acknowledges that the excise taxes are likely to generate political resistance; this statement is an understatement of the problems associated with the recommendations contained in this article.


 * Owen, Anthony D. “Environmental Externalities, Market Distortions and the Economics of**


 * Renewable Energy Technologies.” __The Energy Journal__ 25.3 (2004): 127-156.**

The author, a professor in the School of Economics at the University of New South Wales, argues that renewable energy cannot be a viable alternative to fossil fuels unless and until governments remove fossil fuel subsidies and force them to be purchased on a level playing field with renewable energy sources. At the end of the article, Owen briefly outlines several policy options for making renewable energy competitive. This is a useful article that examines the economic relationship between alternative energy sources, fossil fuels, and government intervention in the markets.


 * Pearce, Joshua. “Using the Internet to Reduce Market Risk for Alternative Energy**


 * Sources: The Case of Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Production.” __First Monday__**


 * 10.8 (August 2005): retrieved May 13, 2007.**


 * http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_8/pearce/index.html**

The author, a professor of physics at Clarion University of Pennsylvania, argues that the internet, by providing a list of certain customers, could reduce the cost of installing photovoltaic panels in a specified community. By reducing the risk of uncertainty, Pearce argues that the internet could lower the price of solar energy below $1 per Watt, thereby becoming cheaper than fossil fuels. This article provides an example of a creative way to reduce alternative energy cost using existing technology.


 * Pimentel, David, et. al. “Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues.” __BioScience__**


 * 52.12 (December 2002): 1111-1120.**

The authors argue that taken in total, all renewable energy sources have the potential to meet half of the future energy needs of the U.S. The authors do not explain in detail how they derived the future energy needs, and they do not explain how they determined that alternative energy sources will be able to fill half of that need. The authors also state that in order to achieve the full potential of alternative energy sources, the U.S. would need to dedicate 17% of its land to accommodate such sources. The authors include many renewable sources in their analysis, from hydroelectric plants to ethanol to solar energy.


 * Selin, Henrik and Stacy D. VanDeveer. “Political Science and Prediction: What’s Next for**


 * U.S.** **Climate Change Policy?” __Review of Policy Research__ 24.1 (2007): 1-27.**

The authors, professors at Boston University and University of New Hampshire, examine how federal policies are likely to be shaped by climate change. The article first examines four ways policy itself could change and then predicts six likely features of the changed policy. This is an interesting article, although it is not entirely useful beyond prediction.


 * Shackelford, Scott. “Nuclear Power: The Nucleus of Energy Independence? An Analysis of**


 * International Energy Policy.” __Issues in Political Economy__ 15 (August 2006).**

The author, a professor at Indiana University-Bloomington, examines the similarities and differences of energy policy in the United States and in Europe since the 1950s with the goal of determining the best way of ensuring there is adequate fuel for the growing economies of the world. The author argues that goals of responsible energy policy must include the ability to rely on energy from sources outside conflict zones of the world as well as the ability to produce energy without destroying the environment. The author concludes that nuclear energy will play a major role in ensuring that the entire world has adequate fuel.


 * Sobczyk, Klaudius. “A Bright Era Dawns as Oil Prices Soar.” __European Pensions &__**


 * __Investment News__ 221 (January 30, 2006).**

The author, a fund manager at Veritas SG Investment Trust in Frankfurt, Germany, argues that alternative energy is likely to be the next dot.com-type bubble. He states that as oil prices rise and as Iran becomes more of a pariah in the Middle East, alternative energy sources will become more attractive to consumers and investors alike. This article provides a valuable insight into how the investment community views the future of alternative energy.


 * Sobczyk, Klaudius. “Agriculture Could Reap Biofuel Benefits.” __European Pensions &__**


 * __Investment News__ 221 (February 26, 2007).**

Similar to the previously-cited article, the author outlines a number of reasons why he feels that alternative energy is likely to be the next big investment opportunity. The fact that this fund manager is publishing multiple predictions in a scholarly journal provides an interesting insight into not only what the investment community thinks about alternative energies, but also what the investment community //wants// the rest of the world to think about alternative energies.


 * Swanson, Kimberly J., Michael C. Madden, Andrew J. Ghio. “Biodiesel Exhaust: The Need**


 * for Health Effects Research.” __Environmental Health Perspectives__ 115.4 (April**


 * 2007): 496-499.**

The authors, associated with the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and the Environmental Protection Agency, reviewed medical literature to determine whether adverse health effects from burning biodiesel outweigh the adverse health effects that are inherent in the exhaust emissions of fossil fuels. The authors note that proponents of biodiesel speculate that it is less harmful to human health than fossil fuels but that such a notion has not been proven. The authors recommend further study to determine the health effects associated with biodiesel exhaust.


 * Vignolo, Thierry, Agnes d’Artigues, Jacques Percebois. “The Time-Inconsistency of**


 * `Alternative Energy Policy.” __Economics Bulletin__ 1.1 (March 21, 2007): 1-7.**

The authors examine whether a government’s promotion of alternative energy could erode the credibility of the technology. The authors conclude that in order for alternative energy to be credible, it must cost less for users to switch from petroleum than the difference in taxes between the two energy types and that the “tax differential (must be) equal to the government’s preference for the alternative energy.” The authors present several graphs to assist readers in coming to their common-sense conclusion.


 * Tenenbaum David J. “Harvesting the Power of Biomass.” __Environmental Health__**


 * __Perspective__ 113.11 (November 2005): 751-753.**

The author summarizes an article published by the U.S. Department of Energy that argues biomass could significantly reduce U.S. dependence on petroleum. The article also includes several perspectives that advocate caution in launching the country into production of biomass because of a variety of inefficiencies associated with the fuel. The end of the article provides a discussion of how the government is going ahead with funding biomass research projects and subsidies to build alternative energy generating facilities despite the seemingly uncertain benefits of using biomass in place of petroleum.


 * Walton, Julie. “Power Politics.” __China Business Review__ 32.5 (September/October 2005):**


 * 8-10, 14.**

The author, the director of Business Advisory Services at the U.S. – China Business Council, outlines the state of energy production and consumption in China. She states that several cities experience regularly-occurring rolling blackouts and that China has a great deal of other energy problems. The author argues that to prevent China’s booming economy from collapsing under its own weight, China needs to implement reforms in its energy sector. Walton argues that price reform is the most crucial type of reform that is needed in China because foreign investors are extremely concerned by China’s regulation of the energy industry. This article is useful from the standpoint of comparative policy.


 * Weeks, Jennifer. “National Energy Bill Boosts Bioenergy, But…” __BioCycle__ 46.9**


 * (September 2005): 67-70.**

The author argues that although the energy bill signed by President Bush in 2005, provides grants, tax credits, and other incentives to the bioenergy industry, it does not go very far in eliminating U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Weeks notes that the bill had critics on every side, ranging from environmentalists who contend that the bill did not go far enough to make an impact on greenhouse gas emissions, to fiscal conservatives, and consumer advocates who argued that the bill costs more than what it will produce in positive outcomes. The author concludes by stating that if oil prices continue to rise, support for bioenergy and other alternative fuel sources may increase.


 * Weeks, Jennifer. “State Incentives for Biomass Electricity.” BioCycle 46.1 (January 2005):**


 * 38-44.**

The author outlines the increasing role that states are playing in fostering development and use of the alternative energy sector. This article studies state-based incentive programs and their impact on the growth of biomass electricity generation. The author argues that in states that have adopted incentive policies, energy price fluctuation is held to a minimum. The author concludes with a discussion of a report published by the Northeast Regional Biomass Program which called for a number of measures to further promote alternative energy production.


 * Winebrake, James J. “An Evaluation of Errors in U.S. Energy Forecasts: 1982-2003.”**


 * __Energy Policy__ 34.18 (December 2006): 3475-3483.**

In an attempt to help planners and policy-makers arrive at the most prudent decision with regards to energy policy, the author examines the energy forecasting methods of the U.S. Department of Energy in order to expose systemic errors that might be occurring. The author finds that while the forecasts for total energy consumption have been generally correct, the U.S. Department of Energy typically makes significant mistakes in forecasting energy consumption in certain sectors. The errors between the sectors have been such that they cancel each other out, resulting in fairly accurate total energy consumption forecasts. The author concludes by recommending further research into developing more accurate forecasting models for the most problematic sectors.


 * Winebrake, James J. “Technology Roadmaps as a Tool for Energy Planning and Policy**


 * Decisions.” __Energy Engineering__ 101.4 (2004): 20-36.**

The author, affiliated with the Rochester Institute of Technology, is (similar to the previously-cited article) concerned with predicting the future of energy consumption through the use of “technology roadmaps”. The article examines eight technology roadmaps created over several years in order to better understand the roadmaps themselves. The author recommends using roadmaps whenever possible because of their low cost and their propensity to get various stakeholders to communicate with one another.


 * Winebrake, James J., Michael Q. Wang, Dongquan He. “Toxic Emissions from Mobile**


 * Sources: A Total Fuel-Cycle Analysis for Conventional and Alternative Fuel**


 * Vehicles.” __Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association__. 51.7 (July 2001):**


 * 1073-1086.**

In this technical paper, the authors conclude that alternative fuel vehicles can significantly reduce toxic emissions. The alternative fuel vehicles offered significant emissions savings over vehicles that use blended fuels. The authors conclude with recommendations for future work, including ensuring the quality of the data used in the article and examining long-term impacts of using alternative fuel vehicles.


 * Zubrin, Robert. “The Methanol Alternative.” __The New Atlantis__ (Summer 2006): 85-88.**

The author, an aerospace engineer and president of Pioneer Aeronautics, argues that any alternative energy policy must be feasible from three standpoints: economic, environmental, and strategic. In this review of the book __Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy__, Zubrin praises the authors for presenting a coherent alternative that could work in the real world. The author recounts many of the advantages associated with methanol, such as its biodegradability, the fact that it can be generated from a number of types of waste products, and its relatively clean emissions. Zubrin tends to agree with the authors that due to the lack of infrastructure for it, methanol is not a short-term solution to the energy needs of the U.S. but rather a long-term solution.


 * Zwirn, Ed. “U.S. Opens Up to Carbon Trading.” __ICIS Chemical Business Americas__ 271.10**


 * (March 12-18, 2007): 24-25.**

In this brief article, the author emphasizes the importance of the recent shift in U.S. policy toward carbon trading. Zwirn states that over 50% of U.S. companies already have emissions reduction programs in place, and more than 50% of companies have emissions trading plans under consideration or already in place. The author notes that emission-reduction regulations are becoming more feasible as there is less propensity to label such regulations as constraints on business. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Cassandra Caron PPD 656 Role of Government in Strategic Implementation of Alternative Energy Sources

A 15. Review: An Energy Alternative; Author(s) of Review: Philip H. Abelson; Reviewed Work(s): Renewable Energy from the Ocean. A Guide to OTEC. by William H. Avery; Chih Wu Science > New Series, Vol. 265, No. 5170 (Jul., 1994), pp. 419-420 A critique on a new technology that uses thermal gradients and the absorption of the suns rays in the ocean and the subsequent production of methanol to produce energy. It is a technique in development. The author urges its use in pilot programs to determine its viability.

B 26. Federal Energy Policy Paradigms and State Energy Roles Jack N. Barkenbus; Public Administration Review > Vol. 42, No. 5 (Sep., 1982), pp. 410-418 The federal government is questioning its role and responsibility in developing energy resources and whether or not states should be more responsible individually for coming up with adequate solutions to the problems. The major haunting question is whether or not government has this responsibility at all. The paper explores the varying levels of involvement and the potential impact of such involvement.

9. Expert Predictions of the Lifetimes of Non-Renewable Resources; Albert A. Bartlett; The Mathematical Gazette > Vol. 78, No. 482 (Jul., 1994), pp. 127-129 According to the author, estimates of the fossil fuel reserves are as much as 600 years at present rate of consumption. The article cites mathematical errors in the estimates used to predict the rate of use and the amount of reserves available in the future.

10. A Review of Canadian and US Solar Energy Policies M. K. Berkowitz; Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques > Vol. 5, No. 2 (Spring, 1979), pp. 257-262 A discussion on the necessity of Canada to be more self reliant in terms of their energy supplies. Canada at the time of publication was dependant on the importation of a majority of their energy supplies.

2. Biomass: Renewable Energy Arthur I. Berman Science>New Series, Vol. 249, No. 4974 (Sep., 1990), p. 1228 The article indicates the necessity for the addition of liquid fuels derived from biomass and methanol to the National Renewable Energy Laboratories list of renewable liquid fuels

36 Commentary: Creating a Healthy Home: Environmental Building Materials: What Are They? Where Are They? Paul Bierman-Lytle; Environmental Health Perspectives > Vol. 103, Supplement 6 (Sep., 1995), pp. 67-70 This article explores the options for environmentally friendly building materials as a means to reduce energy consumption. An emphasis is placed on building design changes as well as on the use of recycled materials.

B Bird, L.; Holt, E.; Carroll, G. (2007). Implications of Carbon Regulation for Green Power Markets. 69 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-640-41076. Consumers are encouraged to purchase and promote green industry. Green house gas emissions also encourage both residential and non residential consumers to use less energy. The paper examines the extent to which GHG benefits motivate consumers to make voluntary renewable energy purchases, the potential impacts of carbon regulation on future claims, and finally the paper presents policy options for policymakers and regulators to consider in designing carbon policies to enable carbon markets and voluntary renewable energy markets to work together.

13. Conservation. A Luxury Tax on Energy Harvey Black; Environmental Health Perspectives > Vol. 111, No. 2 (Feb., 2003), p. A85 The exploration of Colorado’s taxes levied based on home size and consumption habits. The hope is to change the habits of Coloradoans by providing incentives, tax relief, for energy efficiency.

4. Bright Future--or Brief Flare--for Renewable Energy? Kathryn S. Brown Science>New Series, Vol. 285, No. 5428 (Jul., 1999), pp. 678-680 An article comparing the then booming fossil fuel market and the fledging renewable technologies At the time fuel costs were low and the capitol investment for renewable technologies was not an economic positive However with high costs of fossil fuels the renewables are a economic positive

24. Renewable Natural Resource Management and Use without Markets; Gardner M. Brown; Journal of Economic Literature > Vol. 38, No. 4 (Dec., 2000), pp. 875-914 Natural resources cause an intellectual challenge for five reasons. First, renewable resources have had an open access status. Second, resources are capital and must be studied in an intertemporal setting. Third, there is an essential spatial component to living resources. Fourth, acquisition, disposal, and management are three major themes in the history of natural resources. Finally, five, the benefits of big policy issues are largely non-market.

25. Future Energy Supplies Mary E. Clark; Philip S. Brumbaugh Science > New Series, Vol. 264, No. 5155 (Apr., 1994), pp. 15-16 The United States will continue to be reliant on foreign oil as a means to make our own supply last that much longer. Within he next 100 years, the US will be forced to depend totally on foreign oil or more aggressively attack the problems of renewable energy.

6. Contribution of Renewable Energy Technologies to Future Energy Requirements D. H. Buckley-Golder; R. G. Derwent; K. F. Langley; J. F. Walker; A. V. Ward The Statistician > Vol. 33, No. 1, Proceedings of the 1983 I.O.S. Annual Conference on Energy Statistics (Mar., 1984), pp. 111-132 Development of renewable energy technologies in the UK are discussed to offer future implementation strategies. Many new technologies including geothermal, on and off shore wind power, tidal, and bio-fuel are promising but require more exploration.

4) Evaluating the potential of small-scale renewable energy options to meet rural livelihoods needs: A GIS-and lifecycle cost-based assessment of Western China's options; John Byrne, Aiming Zhou, Bo Shen, Kristen Hughes. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Aug 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 8; p. 4391 Small self contained renewable energy generation systems tested in rural parts of China demonstrated the small-scale systems (photovoltaic, wind, and PV-wind hybrids) can provide sustained production. These rural settings also demonstrate that vast markets do exist that can benefit from small-scale systems. Essentially opening rural communities to reliable, off grid energy production.

C 10) Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies; Taichen Chien, Jin-Li Hu. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Jul 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 7; p. 3606 An interesting perspective on the effect of technological advances and the increase in energy use efficiency. When there is a constant evolution of the production of energy derived from alternative sources i.e. wind, solar, hydro, etc. the overall energy uses are more efficient due to the new technologies developed.

8. Renewable Energy: Empowering the Developing World Rebecca Clay; Environmental Health Perspectives > Vol. 110, No. 1 (Jan., 2002), pp. A30-A33 Renewable energy in the developing world, where efficient and reliable energy production is not available, can be the solution. If initial investments can be achieved renewable energy can build a reliable market and provide stability.

21. Alternative Energy Futures: The Case for Electricity Umberto Colombo; Science > New Series, Vol. 217, No. 4561 (Aug., 1982), pp. 705-709 Decentralization will generate large energy consumption needs in both the US and the world in general. Economic recession can effect electricity demands of a population. Alternative sources are held back due to recession, public opinion, and concerns from environmental groups.

D 9) Meeting energy requirement of wastewater treatment in rural sector; Rani Devi, R P Dahiya, Ashok Kumar, Vijender Singh. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Jul 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 7; p. 3891 Discussing the wastewater treatment needs of small farming communities in India and how these communities supplement their energy needs that are often lacking due to poor infrastructure links from national power production. These communities are discovering renewable resources provided as a result of the wastewater treatment facilities have been shown to be of great value.

DOE to Provide Nearly $60 Million for Solar Energy Research; 6/20/07; http://www.energy.gov/news/5137.htm Department of Energy announces a 60 million dollar increase for solar power use across the country. Thirteen cities will receive awards to promote solar powered technologies. Additionally, 30 million will be made available for research on photovoltaic solar product research.

DOE to Provide up to $2.5 Million to Implement Solar Energy Technologies in California 6/20/07; http://www.energy.gov/news/5149.htm, DOE has identified 13 cities throughout the US as Solar America Cities, identified as large cities with high electricity demand, diverse geography, population, and mature solar technology. Both Berkeley, CA and San Francisco, CA are among the 13 cities named for a grant.

Department of Energy and Disney Join Forces to Promote Energy Savings; 6/14/07; http://www.energy.gov/news/5131.htm Disney and the DOE are joining forces to promote smart energy use while Disney promote new movie Ratatouille. Characters from Ratatouille will be featured in commercials using energy saving products. The campaign is focused on Virginia and California.

DOE Seeks Applications to Invest up to $40 Million in Housing Research; 6/13/07; http://www.energy.gov/news/5128.htm DOE releases 40 million to fund research to change the way American homes consume energy. Awards support research, development, and technologies that reduce energy 30-90%. The goal of the research is to provide new energy efficient products and home design innovations that reduce energy consumption.

F 15ab Energy. Tidal Turbines: Wave of the Future? Kris Freeman; Environmental Health Perspectives > Vol. 112, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), p. A26 While tidal turbines are productive and efficient the unknown environmental impacts need to be determined before widespread use can be implemented. Unlike solar power, tidal turbines don’t rely on daylight, and unlike hydroelectric, does not rely on precipitation, but the large scale structures needed to convert tidal movements can alter the marine environment.

G GE Invests $112 M in Run-of-River Hydroelectric Project 5/30/07; http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48684 General Electric Energy Financial Services is set to invest $112 Million in hydroelectricity project in British Columbia, Canada. This river project differs from typical hydroelectricity plans in that no dam must be built. Instead, water id diverted through a pipe, and downhill to the generating station. The project is expected to become functional in 2010.

Google Powers Up 1.6 MW Solar System & Hybrid Initiative Murphy. Meghan; 6/2/07; http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=49007 Google unveils fully functioning solar power corporate campus in Silicon Valley. Annual savings are estimated at $393,000, $15 million over the 30 year lifespan of the system. Google also gives a $5000 rebate to employees for purchasing energy efficient vehicles who attain 45 miles per gallon or more.

H 18. Energy Options: Challenge for the Future Allen L. Hammond; Science > New Series, Vol. 177, No. 4052 (Sep., 1972), pp. 875-876 Finding an adequate supply of energy resources is a challenge to the US. Nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy, along with extension of fossil fuel resources are all possibilities. Government spending and leadership will be the gateway to discovering and implementing new technologies

38 Solar Energy: Proposal for a Major Research Program Allen L. Hammond; Science > New Series, Vol. 179, No. 4078 (Mar., 1973), p. 1116 This article explores solar energy and research methods useful in furthering the usage of solar energy as a means for reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing generation of energy.

18ab Solar Homes for the Masses; Alexander Hellemans Science > New Series, Vol. 285, No. 5428 (Jul., 1999), p. 679 Amserfoot Netherlands is making headway on solar houses, investing 13 million dollars towards solar housing. Due to a lack of sunlight, special units able to use light through cloud cover have been developed, thus maximizing available solar resources. PV Shingles are one such advance and could find a market in US housing as well.

27. Energy Policy and Urban Fiscal Management; Lenneal J. Henderson; Public Administration Review > Vol. 41, Special Issue: The Impact of Resource Scarcity on Urban Public Finance (Jan., 1981), pp. 158-164 Traffic, public utility networks, industries, and commercial establishments are affected by and respond to urban energy policies. These infrastructures and systems consume the majority of energy resources available. This paper argues 4 points; first, as energy prices continue to rise, urban fiscal systems will be pressured to improve energy management. Second, energy induced fiscal strain will result in new patterns of intergovernmental fiscal relations. Third, energy related fiscal management must balance energy conservation decisions and tax as well as development and social decisions. Fourth, urban fiscal managers have opportunity to introduce innovative management techniques.

30 Social acceptance of carbon dioxide storage; Pages 2780-2789; Nicole M.A. Huijts, Cees J.H. Midden and Anneloes L. Meijnders This article covers public acceptance of carbon storage. The public overall is positive about storage, though people close to actual storage sites are less enthusiastic. A lack of knowledge surrounding CO2 storage was apparent in the public. The public favored NGO’s and trusted professional actors least.

J 20. Exploiting Wind versus Coal; Mark Z. Jacobson; Gilbert M. Masters; Science > New Series, Vol. 293, No. 5534 (Aug., 2001), p. 1438 Wind energy is less expensive than coal use, yet there has been a push to increase coal use for energy. Coal dust is dangerous however, and when compared to clean safe wind energy methods, coal is not the preferred means to generate energy. Wind energy has problems as well, including but not limited to landscaping issues and effects to wildlife.

K 2) Behavioral responses to photovoltaic systems in the UK domestic sector; James Keirstead. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Aug 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 8; p. 4128 Photovoltaic systems used to generate power in the UK has demonstrated it can decrease the energy use per household by as much as 6%. PV households s have provided evidence to suggest that by using PV they also increase the likely hood that said household will become more efficient in their use of power over all.

28 Hydroelectricity: Environmental and Social Effects Ralph Kretz; Science > New Series, Vol. 230, No. 4731 (Dec., 1985), p. 1223 Hydroelectricity advances have adverse effects on indigenous people and wildlife, often ignored. Including human groups and animal activists in planning could help plan safely for the future

7. Renewable Resources for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals; Kyosti V. Sarkanen ; Science > New Series, Vol. 191, No. 4228, Materials Issue (Feb., 1976), pp. 773-776 Wood production and its use as a bio fuel to produce energy is examined. While there is data suggesting that production of wood can sustain a measured production of energy, it is considered un popular in the USA, but can be considered a good solution in other countries in which timber harvest is more acceptable by the public

L 23. Policy Innovation in Federal R&D: The Case of Energy W. Henry Lambright; Albert H. Teich; Public Administration Review > Vol. 39, No. 2 (Mar., 1979), pp. 140-147 The US has increased its R & D budget for renewable energy research, however, the funds are used in a less than optimal fashion, exploring less useful and popular methods of energy generation.

8) Between fragmented authoritarianism and policy coordination: Creating a Chinese market for wind energy; Adrian Lema, Kristian Ruby. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Jul 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 7; p. 3879 Tracking the birth, growth, and evolution of the Chinese wind energy production. It delves intimately into the benefits China is now realizing after decades of investment into wind energy production.

22. Or, Global Warming: A $25-Billion Challenge? Ian Lloyd; Science > New Series, Vol. 292, No. 5519 (May, 2001), pp. 1064-1065 Nuclear power is the only long-term alternative to fossil fuels, yet the US is hesitant to support it. Rather then explore nuclear energy, less adequate sources are studied and implemented. In order to meet future demands and avoid the situations California has become familiar with, better sources will need to be further developed.

M 5) Seven steps to curb global warming, John Mathews. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Aug 2007.Vol. 35, Iss. 8; p. 4247 Within the seven steps the need to shift from carbon sinks to net gain energy production is discussed in detail. It is believed that with a major paradigm shift from contained, carbon burning based energy production to a shared and open production grid powered by a renewable base of raw materials can help stem the rapid increase on global mean temperatures.

14. Geothermal Energy's Future; John E. Mock; Science > New Series, Vol. 255, No. 5051 (Mar., 1992), p. 1490 After the geothermal energy production projects were developed in the late 1970’s, production declined and the viability of the project was questioned. It is the opinion of the author that the decline was due to development overestimates and poor implementation of the technology. With evolving techniques, the geothermal energy production can be increased and sustained.

O 1) A Northern California-British Columbia partnership for renewable energy; R Orans, S Price, J Williams, C K Woo, J Moore. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Aug 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 8; p. 3979 This article highlights the need for California to achieve 33% of its electrical power from reusable resources by 2020. It explores how a northern Cal-British Columbia energy partnership can help to alleviate renewable energy problems.

P 19. Morality, Space, and the Power of Wind-Energy Landscapes; Martin J. Pasqualetti; Geographical Review > Vol. 90, No. 3 (Jul., 2000), pp. 381-394 Wind power is an upcoming popular means of generating energy. Wind power has landscaping ramifications however, often unsightly. Due to the nature of wind power, the turbines must be close to the subdivisions for which they are in use. Free space will be consumed in order to continue use of wind power.

3) Energy sector in Ecuador: Current status; M R Peláez-Samaniego, M Garcia-Perez, L A B Cortez, J Oscullo, G Olmedo. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Aug 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 8; p. 4177 In Ecuador, there is very little of the overall energy produced by renewable resources. It proves to be more costly in the short term to retool the energy industry to take full advantage of renewables. The Ecuadorian energy demands are provided mainly by the burning of fossil fuels.

34. Waste Production and Overdevelopment: An Approach to Ecological Indicators; Dag Poleszynski; Journal of Peace Research > Vol. 14, No. 4 (1977), pp. 285-298 This paper explores what can be done technically to change waste production and overdevelopment from a somewhat unrealistic perspective. The authors have removed negative aspects of society and explored options for Utopia, exploring the basic needs for food, health, shelter, and education.

PV Costs to Decrease 40% by 2010; 5/23/07 ; http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48624 Global production of solar PV cells has risen sixfold since 2000 and grew 415 in 2006 alone. Due to the growth, materials are scarce and over the next two years, several companies will look to produce needed materials making supply higher and decreasing costs.

S 5. Solar Energy Is the Energy Hermann Scheer Leonardo > Vol. 28, No. 2 (1995), pp. 145-146 A pointed comment on the gross misgivings the environment has suffered at the hand of an overreaching fossil fuel market. Solar power is touted as the ultimate energy source.

An Easier Way to Go Green; Erick Schonfeld. Business 2.0. San Francisco: Jul 2007. Vol. 8, Iss. 6; p. 27 The author demonstrates that while there are costs associated with the addition of contained wind, PV, and Hybrid energy generating systems for individual households. Standard Renewable resources provides such systems to the growing market of homeowners who can foot the bill.

16. World Population and Energy Demand Growth: The Potential Role of Fusion Energy in an Efficient World John Sheffield; A. Gibson; P. Vandenplas; M. Keilhacker; J. F. Davies; K. Lackner; G. H. Wolf; R. D. Gill; P. Thomas; I. Cook; H. Bruhns; M. Watkins; R. S. Pease; Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences > Vol. 357, No. 1752, The Approach to Ignited Plasma (Mar., 1999), pp. 377-395 With the need to produce more and more energy to satisfy a growing global population, the development and implementation of fusion energy could provide the needed increase. Fossil fuel supplies are unevenly distributed globally and renewable recourses are often unique to specific areas of the world. Fusion energy could provide efficient energy production in the future.

11) Small-scale CDM projects in a competitive electricity industry: How good is a simplified baseline methodology? Ram M Shrestha, A M A K Abeygunawardana. Energy Policy. Kidlington: Jul 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 7; p. 3717 Discussed how a renewable resource based energy production plant trying to be competitive in a market system can be misleading in its representation of the reduction of GHG and other factors contributing to pollution. Provides findings which indicate that there are more factors contributing to the overall efficacy of such plants than the simplified baseline methodology allows for.

11 Energy Self-Sufficiency for Hawaii; John W. Shupe; Science > New Series, Vol. 216, No. 4551 (Jun., 1982), pp. 1193-1199 Hawaii has historically been completely dependant on imported fossil fuel for energy production. However Hawaii has a large diversity of renewable energy resources like hydro, wind, and tidal alternatives. As new technologies are proven, and taking into account Hawaii’s small scale, Hawaii has a promising future with regards to becoming self-sufficient energy production.

17. Strategies for Carbon Reduction; Ronald J. Sutherland; Joseph Romm; Mark Levine; Marilyn Brown; Eric Petersen Science > New Series, Vol. 281, No. 5377 (Jul., 1998), pp. 647-649 One method for carbon emission reduction is to levy a fee/tax on over consumption Carbon permits can also be traded amongst international companies to lessen the charges levied for over consumption. Emission reduction will come from improving efficiency in buildings, industry, and transportation as well as a combination of re-powering exiting coal plants.

T

3. A Realizable Renewable Energy Future John A. Turner Science>New Series, Vol. 285, No. 5428 (Jul., 1999), pp. 687-689 In the discussion of weather or not renewable resources can be sufficient to provide energy needs on large scale societies, questions arise about the necessity to first try to sequester CO2 emissions or gear up renewable energy production to in turn reduce CO2 gradually. Article suggests that using renewables by means of reducing CO2 is productive approach

U U.S. Wind Energy Forecast: Policy Challenges Remain, Opportunities Abound 6/4/07; http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48782 Windpower holds the largest annual wind energy conference and exhibition in the world. Many industry leaders attend to display current technologies and brainstorm future concepts. Policy updates and developments on Cap Hill are also brought up during the conference such as anti wind provisions of H.R. 2337

V 29 NIMBY or not? Exploring the relevance of location and the politics of voiced opinions in renewable energy siting controversies; Pages 2705-2714 Dan van der Horst NIMBY effect has had an effect on renewable energy facilities. On aggregate, proximity does have strong influence on public attitudes to proposed projects, but the nature, strength and spatial scale of this effect may vary according to local context and ‘value’ of the land. Secondly, the fear of being branded a NIMBY, and the positive ethics associated with the notion of renewable are both likely to ‘colour’ the responses of many interviewees.

W 12. Electricity Generation: Options for Reduction in Carbon Emissions; H. W. Whittington; Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences > Vol. 360, No. 1797, Carbon, Biodiversity, Conservation and Income: An Analysis of a Free-Market Approach to Land-Use Change and Forestry in Developing and Developed Countries (Aug., 2002), pp. 1653-1668 CO2 emissions needs to be controlled. Alternatives include the application of improved combustion technology, removal of harmful gases from power stations flues, and the use of waste heat to improve power station efficiency. Less polluting fossil fuels will improve the situation, such as nuclear power, but other concerns are raised about the safety and waste removal of nuclear energy. Other options are further explored, each having pros and cons.

Wave Energy Bill Approved by U.S. House Science Committee 6/18/07; http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48984 The House of Representatives voted and approved $200 million in federal funds to aid research on wave energy technology. The funds will be distributed from 2008-2012 in $50 million dollar increments. Wave energy Is thought to be more predictable than other natural energy sources and that minimal wave energy would provide sufficient energy for the entire world.

Apt, Jay, David W. Keith, and M. Granger Morgan. “Promoting Low-Carbon Electricity Production.” Issues in Science and Technology 23, 3 (2007): 37-43.
 * In** [|**Annotated Bibliographies**]**,** [|**hlara**] **writes:**

The authors of this article suggest that utilities need to emit less carbon dioxide and government needs to move quickly to provide clear emission reductions. An example they recommend is the implementation of a government renewables portfolio standards (RPS) which state that electricity distributors must rely on various renewable energies based on a certain percentage.

Arunachalam, V.S., Rahul Tongia, and Anshu Bharadwaj. “India’s Quest for Energy Security.” Canadian Foreign Policy 13, 2 (2006): 93-105.

The authors of this article highlight the importance of India’s future demand on energy and its affects on the world’s energy supply. India has previously focused its energy security through domestic resources, but now due to internal demand, is increasingly involved in the global energy market. The author’s argue that India needs to explore increased importation of energy as well as the development of new energy options to address its increasing concern of energy supply.

Aufhauser, David, et al. “Saudi Arabia, Enemy or Friend?” Middle East Policy 11, 1 (2004): 1-25.

The article is a conversation between sevelar of the authors. They focus on the question asked by many Americans, is Saudi Arabia a friend or an enemy. Most of the 9/11 hijackers were Saudi yet our thrist for oil makes us dependent on their supply. Ultimately what to do about Saudi Arabia? They suggest to assist them in opening up their society.

Bahgat, Gawdat. “United States Energy Security.” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 26, 3 (2001): 515-542.

The author of this article examines the lack of a comprehensive US energy policy and provides some recommendations on how to approach an energy policy. US energy policy should be broad and address perspectives on both sides. Most importantly, the article states that the US will continue to be dependent on oil supplies from abroad and rather than focusing on an unrealistic goal of independence, focus on appropriately managing the dependence.

---. “Oil, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Libyan Diplomatic Coup.” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 29, 4 (2004): 373-394.

In this article, the author outlines his case for the reasons that Libya has slowly changed its energy policy and its stance toward international terrorism. The author identifies the country’s economic stagnation as well as the pressure from outside sources as the main reasons for this transformation.

---. “Oil and Terrorism: Central Asia and the Caucus.” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 30, 3 (2005): 265-283.

The author examines the rivalry between American, European, Russian and Chinese energy interests in the Caspian Sea and other parts of Central Asia. The author concludes that the region’s hydrocarbons will be important in the global energy security debate but not sufficient to substitute the importance of the Middle East oil. Due to this importance, there will be continued competition amongst these countries for this regions energy resource.

Bies, Laura. “The Biofuels Explosion: Is Green Energy Good for Wildlife?” Wildlife Society Bulletin 34, 4 (2006): 1203-1205.

The author identifies the importance and effects of having the President of the United States be open and interested in biofuels as a way of providing more attention to this possible solution to the energy question. However, the author quickly focus that comments are not going to be the only way to take this idea further, but even suggest possibly strategies similar to those of corn ethanol production as a way bringing this technology further along in peoples’ discussion of energy policy.

Billing, Michelle. “The Venezuelan Oil Crisis.” Foreign Affairs 83, 5 (2004): 2.

The author discusses the different political crisis that have affected Venezuela and therefore its abilty to supply and extract traditional ammounts of petroleum. The author notes that Washington was asleep at the wheel and should have been more cognisant and prepare to handle such crisis because they affect our supply of oil.

Cañez, Luara and Marisol Garfias. “Portfolio Management at the Mexican PEtroleum Institute.” Research Technology Management 49, 4 (2006): 46-55.

This article discusses a case study of the IMP, which is the research arm for PEMEX, the Mexican state run petroleum company. Through the article, one gets a good understanding of the decision making of the IMP and resource allocation.

Cutler, Robert. “Cooperative Energy Security in the Caspian Region: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Development.” Global Governance 5, 2 (1999): 251-271.

The article focuses on the population growth of the Caspian region and how they are headed to severe problems that will lead to instability in the future. This instability will surely affect the international environmental agenda and thus the author focus on the importance of a multilateral cooperative focusing on the concept of sustainable development. This focus on sustainable development can link the international energy and environment agendas.

de Olivera, Adilson. “Reforming the Brazilian Energy System: Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Project Finance 2, 4 (1996): 13-22.

The article focuses on the Brazilian governments reform of its energy system starting in the 1990s. The author focuses on how the government has taken a leading role in the development of this new energy system by giving a leading role and attracting private investors. However, the author notes the importance of government regulations to ensure that such private investment does not increase risk and consequently reduce the economic attractiveness of Brazil.

Deering, Ben. “Chavez’s Populism Threatens the Economic Engine of His Revolution.” SAIS Review 27, 1 (2007): 159-162.

The author’s discuss how to finance his social revolution, President Chavez of Venezuela has used a great deal of the money earned with high oil prices. Unfortunately, this spending is what might end his revolution by not providing adaquate savings necessary for the country.

Dooley, Erin E. “Brazilian Biodiesel Blasts Off.” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 8 (2005): A517.

The author highlights Brazil’s investment and potential in the production of biodiesel. Brazil has invested $515 million in biodiesel and is opening new biodiesel production plants. Brazil has a lot of potential in this market and should be watched carefully.

Ebel, R. “Untapped Potential.” Harvard International Review 25, 1 (2003): 26-31.

The article focuses on the questionable future of the US supply of oil from the Persian Gulf as well as its strategy to import from over 60 different countries. The author highlights the potential of reaching out the great potential of the Russian oil sector while noting the challenges and limitations of such option.

Elhefnawy, Nader. “Toward a Long-Range Energy Security Policy.” Parameters 36, 1 (2006): 101-114.

This article provides a an overview of the oil political situation, including the prospects for an economy based on renewable energy as well as the security problems from a decrease in supply of oil. Likewise, the authors provide a possible basis for making a transition to alternative forms of energy.

Fang, Samantha. “Africa: A Worthy Ally?” Harvard International Review 29, 1 (2007): 7.

The article focuses on Libya’s transition from a sponsor of terrorism to a country trying to gain the trust of the West. Given its location, history, and other factors, Libya can be a key ally in the war against terror and thus the US should pursue increase relations with this former enemy.

Fulton, Lew. “Biofuels for Transport: A Viable Alternative?” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer 249 (2005): 41-45.

The article focuses on the importance of biofuels as a competitor to petrol as a transport fuel. The author suggests that energy and agricultural policies should aim to maximize the benefits of these fuels with minimum costs for governments and societies. Even if these fuels grow, they will only be 5% of the market. However, no other fuel has competed with petrol in this way in over 100 years.

Gallagher, Paul and Donald Johnson. “Some New Ethanol Technology: Cost Competition and Adoption Effects in the Petroleum Market.” The Energy Journal 20, 2 (1999): 89-120.

The authors’ of this article focus on the prospects of adopting fuels made from agricultural materials. They discuss new ethanol processing methods that may enable ethanol production from cellulose materials. This and other innovations could suggest a possible competitor to petroleum based gasoline. This potential domestic supply could offset oligopoly pricing thus reducing prices and increasing consumer benefits.

Gamper-Rabindran, Shanti. “NAFTA and the Environment: What Can the Data Tell Us?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 54, 3 (2006): 605-631.

The article focuses on an industry level study of the pollutions affects of NAFTA. The article touches on the issue of companies leaving the US or other countries with stringent environmental standards for developing countries with less stringent environmental standards. The evidence is not conclusive due to the industry focus, the lack of previous pollution data, and other factors. More research needs to be conducted.

Glos, Michael. “Germany: Energising the Market.” Organization for Economic Cooperation. The OECD Observer 259/259 (2006): 5

In this article, the author, Minister of Economics and Technology for Germany advocates for open markets and climate protection policies as a way of securing economical, reliable, and environmentally-friendly energy supply.

Goldwyn, David L. “Extracting Transparency.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 5, 1 (2005): 5-16.

The article focuses on the construction of an energy infrastructure in the developing world. The authors states that the critics concerns that governments will steal natural resource wealth, disregard for environmental inpact of pipelines, etc is not due to infrastructure but due to bad government and bad governance. In order to address the needs of these populations more work should be done around creating transparency in public finance of these bad governments through G-8 countries. “Tranperency in government is like oil in the ground-we must extract it.”

Hale, David D. “Commodities, China, and American Foreign Policy.” The International Economy 20, 3 (2006): 16-19.

The author of this article focuses on China’s need and search for oil. The author suggests the US could collaborate with China and have a partnership that could lead to greater energy security.

Hofmeister, John. “How the U.S. Can Ensure Energy Supply for the Future.” Vital Speeches of the Day 73, 4 (2007): 175-179.

In this speech, the author, president of Shell oil states that the US can attain energy security as they define it: knowing we have available and affordable energy for today, tomorrow, and future generations as far out as we can imagine. He suggests that there is still plenty of oil and other energy resources out there, but that government regulations make it hard or unable to access those resources.

Holzer, Verena Leila. “The Promotion of Renewable Energies and Sustainability: A Critical Assessment of the German Renewable Energies Act.” Intereconomics 40, 1 (2005): 36-45.

The article focuses on Germany’s the Renewable Energies Act, which is an instrument for implementing the energy objectives of its sustainability strategy. The EEG mainly focuses on ecological sustainability but in order to achieve such goals it should shift from the installation capacities to a steady power supply and the effective replacement of the most polluting fossil energy sources.

Iurin, Aleksandr. “The Year of the Elephant Begins in the United States.” International Affairs 49, 1 (2003): 11-15.

The article focuses on the aftermath of the Bush electoral victory and the need to pursue better relations with Russia. The author suggests that cooperation with Russia will lead to a better way to address the many security problems faced by both nations.

Jiang, Wenran. “China’s Global Quest for Energy Security.” Canadian Foreign Policy 13, 2 (2006): 105-131.

The focus of this article is to understand the China’s current energy situation, how that is driving its outreach to Africa, Latin America, and other places out of need due to its growth rather than a plan to dominate the world. The author thus argues that a forward looking engagement policy adopted by other countries like the U.S. and Canada will be the most beneficial.

Jochem, Eberhard and Harald Bradke. “Energy Efficiency: The Forgotten Side of Supply Security.” CESifo Forum 7, 2 (2006): 28-31.

The authors focus on the efficiency of the energy being utilized. Supply of energy is a major issue when dealing with security. If people are able to maximize the energy they currently utilize, supply will still be a concern, but not as grave as it may be.

Jozefowicz, Chris. “Charge It!” Current Science 91, 10 (2006): 6-7.

The focus of the article is to highlight the need to move beyond hybrid vehicles to fully electric vehicles. The article discusses specifics of the electric vehicle and how it is a “better” deal than traditional hybrid vehicles.

Kane, Sally, et al. “Ethanol’s Role: An Economic Assessment.” Agribusiness 5, 5 (1989): 505-522. The article focuses on the needs of the ethanol industry to expand. Examples of this are mix of low grain prices, stable or increasing petroleum prices, and assurance of subsidies for production. The article also assesses ethanol’s competitiveness with other alternative fuels.

Kaplan, Marshall. “Energy Restructuring in Brazil.” Journal of Project Finance 3, 2 (1997): 43-63.

The article discusses how Brazil is restructuring its energy sector. There are new regulatory frameworks that will alleviate uncertainty and install fair prices. The authors provide some recommendations while developing this new energy framework: focus on equity, increase rural and regional access to power, acknowledge sustainability objectives, respond to the needs of the urban and rural poor, and the need for a blended price.

Kates, Robert. “Global Warming: Are Environmentalists Part of the Problem?” Environment 49, 1 (2007): 0-2.

The author of the article argues that organize environmentalists are part of the solution and part of the problem. The author suggests that for environmentalist to be part of the solution, they need to be open to all types of solutions rather than closed of to specific solutions which ultimately limit discussion.

Klooster, Dan. “Campesinos and Mexico Forest Policy During the Twentieth Century.” Latin American Research Review 38, 2 (2003): 94-126.

The focus of this article is to highlight the hundreds of villages that own and successfully protect and operate their forest within Mexico. This is a model of successful rural economical development while maintaining the forests. This model can serve as a model for other Latin American countries.

Kuik, Onno. “Climate Change Policies, Energy Security and Carbon Dependency Trade- offs for the European Union in the Longer Term.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 3, 3 (2003): 221-242.

The focus of this article is to examine the two pressing issues affecting the European Union around climate change. The first if the need to reduce greenhouse gases and the second is the need to secure supply of energy. The article analyses different scenarios that the EU can explore to address these two major challenges.

Lave, Lester B. and W. Michael Griffin. “Imported Ethanol, Not Oil.” Issues in Science and Technology 22, 3 (2006): 40-42.

The author argues in this article the strategy of focusing on other alternative fuels as a way of attaining security. Specifically the author states that rather than focusing on importing oil, we can do better by importing alternative fuels like ethanol.

Lebahn, Aksel. “Russia is Here Again!” International Affairs 53, 2 (2007): 22-35.

The author argues that the increase stance of Russia on various energy policies and the need of the EU to attain energy security and supply call for a energy security system that take into account geopolitical interests, commercial and corporate interests, as well as the mindset of nations involved. This also means a need for a close interconnection between the EU and Russia.

Li, Kevin X and Jin Cheng. “Maritime Law and Policy for Energy Security Asia: A Chinese Perspective.” Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 37, 4, (2006): 567-587.

The article focuses on the importance and vulnerability of maritime transportation of valuable goods such as oil. Energy security is dependent on successful cooperation and action of many countries and entities to secure the necessary transportation of such important resources.

Mahajan, Sonam, Samir K. Konar, and David G. B. Boocock. “Variables Affecting the Production of Standard Biodiesel.” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 84, 2 (2007): 189-195.

This article focuses on the biodiesel, how it is composed and how it is affected by other variables. The article is very tech specific on the formation and production of biodiesel.

Medlock III, Kenneth B. and Ronald Soligo. “Economic Development and End-Use Energy Demand.” The Energy Journal 22, 2 (2001): 77-105.

This articles focuses on the connections between economic development and its affects on energy demand. The article goes into more specific examples in particular economic sectors. The authors argue that energy demand should be taken into consideration as the economy develops.

Nadgrodkiewicz, Anna. “America’s Appetite for Oil: The Past, Present, and a Bumpy Road Ahead.” The Review of Politics 68, 3 (2006): 538-542.

This article is a book review of a book that makes the case that the war in Iraq was primarily based on the need for oil and energy security. The basis of the book states that the potential shortage of oil due geopolitical changes rather than geological shortages led the US to a war to dominate and maintain a supply of oil for its growing hunger for oil.

Parris, Thomas M. “Innovative Vehicle Technologies.” Environment 48, 10 (2006): 3.

The author focuses on how the increase price of oil has led to technological innovations in vehicles. The article discusses the investment of vehicle companies in hybrid technology and the exploration of other non-biomass technologies like hydrogen and natural gas.

Patzek, Tad W., et al. “Ethanol From Corn: Clean Renewable Fuel for the Future, or Drain on Our Resources and Pockets?” Environment, Development and Sustainability 7 (2005): 319-336.

The author argues that the investment in ethanol from corn might not be the best investment when it comes to alternative energy because it takes almost as much energy to produce energy the same amount of ethanol energy. The author cautions such investment in ethanol.

Pawa, Matthew and Benjamin A. Krass. “Behind the Curve: The National Media’s Reporting on Global Warming.” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 33, 3 (2006): 485-509.

The article focuses on a trial brought on against three of the nations largest polluters. The purpose of the article is understand the coverage of global warming by the press. The article found that it is hard to muddle through some of the industry distorting of global warming. The article states that the press has historically distorted coverage of global warming science by accepting the industry view that the science is in dispute.

Pierce, Alan. “Fuel Cell Vehicles.” Tech Directions 66, 6 (2007): 11.

The article focuses on fuel cell vehicles and how this is what many consider the ultimate solutions if the technology were to be developed in a practical way. They consider this the “holy grail” because the vehicles would be powered by chemical reactions of hydrogen and air without dangerous bi-products.

Pirouz, Kamrouz and Farahmand Rezvani. “The Iran-China Alliance.” Journal of American Academy of Business 11, 1 (2007):39-50.

The article focuses on the reasons for the increase price of oil. In particular the author notes the strong global demand, particularly that of China and India and a tightness of supply has led to increase oil prices. The author also discusses the impacts of a possible China-Iran alliance on oil price increases.

Roach, Ronald. “Michigan State, DaimlerChrysler Test Brownfields for Biofuel Crops.” Diverse Issues in Higher Education 23, 14 (2006): 38.

The article focuses on a partnership between Michigan State University and DaimlerChrysler to address the concern of the nation’s food production if there is a push for biofuels. These two entities are examining the turning of contaminated lands, known as brownfields into green pastures. The hope is that through this, there can be a decrease in oil reliance.

Saakashvili, Mikheil. “The Way Forward.” Harvard International Review 28, 1 (2006): 68-73.

The article focuses on the Georgia’s democratic movements. Of particular concern is how the stability of these former Soviet States is important due to the many oil pipelines that go through those countries. Disruptions or insecurities in those countries could be disastrous in the supply of oil.

Schmidt, Charles W. “Biodiesel Cultivating Alternative Fuels.” Environmental Health Prespectives 115, 2 (2007): A86-A91.

This article focuses on the growth of biodiesel and provides some historical background. The article discusses the many attractions of biodiesel but also focus on some of the negative effects of biodiesel production, particularly in developing nations.

Sheives, Kevin. “China Turns West: Beijing’s Contemporary Strategy Towards Central Asia.” Pacific Affairs 79, 2 (2006): 205-181.

The article focuses on how the growing need for energy supplies and the fall of the Soviet Union have pushed China toward establishing friendly relationships with the Central Asian states. These stable strategic relationships are important to understand given the context of energy security.

Smil, Vaclav. “21st Century Energy: Some Sobering Thoughts.” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer 258/259 (2006): 22-23.

The author argues that transition to new energy sources is unavoidable, but he provides some sobering principles along the way. Examples of such principles are considering the size of the energy shift; consider energy density, geographical distribution among others.

Swanson, K.J., Michael C. Madden, and Andrew J Ghio. “Biodiesel Exhaust: The Need for Health Effects Research.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, 4 (2007): 496-500.

The article explored research attempting to understand the health implications of biodiesel toxicity. A review of the medical literature indicated that the health effects based on the chemical composition of biodiesel exhaust needs to be followed up with investigations in biological systems.

Tetreault, Mary Ann. “Comparative Politics: The Political Economy of Mexican Oil by Laura Randall.” The American Political Science Review 85, 3 (1991): 1063-1064.

This article is a book review of the study on PEMEX, the state run Mexican oil company and how cheap oil has affected Mexican governance across the board. Mexican oil policy impacts unions, education, air pollution, and most other facets of Mexican life.

Toman, Michael A. “International Oil Security Problems and Policies.” The Brookings Review 20, 2 (2002): 20-24.

This article provides and overview of oil security and policies. His focus on oil security is divided into two areas. The first is the exercise of market power by international oil exporters and the second is the macroeconomic disruptions arising from oil price instability. He argues that overtime, there is a need to develop new alternative forms of energy.

Turner, John A. “Sustainable Hydrogen Production.” Science 305, 5686 (2004): 972- 974. The author argues that given the crisis of finding a new sustainable energy system and the finite supply of money and energy; the US has to make hard decisions about which path to follow and sustain a focused effort. The author argues in favor of hydrogen production given this discussion.

van Doren, Peter. “Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Strategy.” The Energy Journal 27, 2 (2006): 182-187.

In this book review, the author focuses on the need to connect energy security with foreign policy decisions. Likewise the author argues the need for economist to play a larger role in informing the foreign policy discussion so as to decrease the obsession with better operation of energy markets, many foreign policy analysts out of work, and much less jet fuel used.

Westrup, Hugh. “Mobile Station.” Current Science 92, 7 (2006): 10-11.

The article focuses on the hydrogen cell vehicles and how a new technology can potentially lead the way for expansion of this technology.

Whalen, Christopher. “Venezuela’s Oil Trap.” The International Economy 21, 2 (2007): 58-61.

This article explores the volatility of oil supply by one of the worlds largest supplier due mostly to the president, Hugo Chavez. Author argues that not much economic growth is taking place other than the oil sector. If and when there is a decrease in oil prices, given Venezuela’s dependence of oil revenues for social spending, more instability in the oil supply will take place.

Yeh, Emily T. and Joanna I. Lewis. “State Power and the Logic of Reform in China’s Electricity Sector.” Pacific Affairs 77, 3 (2004): 437-465.

This article explores China’s large power sector that is facing many challenges. Of particular note is the large geographic inequalities and the high levels of pollutions. The article suggests some strategies that the Communist Party may use to address this situation.

Yohannes, Okbazghi. “America’s New Frontier: Oil in the Gulf of Guinea.” The Black Scholar 33, 2 (2003): 2-21.

This article discusses the increasing role of oil in the US relations with sub-Saharan Africa. The author suggests that the US is creating an informal global empire resting on energy security, strategic minerals, market fundamentalism and containment of terrorism in this region. The article focuses on the oil company’s involvement in the region. The author summarizes their point as “the nature and texture of future US-Africa relations is very likely to be contextualized by kleptocracy, autocracy, tyranny, pauperization and environmental evisceration on the African side and by the exploitation of sources of energy and mineral and the war against terrorism on the American side.” Posted Thursday, 8:56 am

Hector Lara Annotated Bibliography

Apt, Jay, David W. Keith, and M. Granger Morgan. “Promoting Low-Carbon Electricity Production.” __Issues in Science and Technology__ 23, 3 (2007): 37-43.

The authors of this article suggest that utilities need to emit less carbon dioxide and government needs to move quickly to provide clear emission reductions. An example they recommend is the implementation of a government renewables portfolio standards (RPS) which state that electricity distributors must rely on various renewable energies based on a certain percentage.

Arunachalam, V.S., Rahul Tongia, and Anshu Bharadwaj. “India’s Quest for Energy Security.” __Canadian Foreign Policy__ 13, 2 (2006): 93-105.

The authors of this article highlight the importance of India’s future demand on energy and its affects on the world’s energy supply. India has previously focused its energy security through domestic resources, but now due to internal demand, is increasingly involved in the global energy market. The author’s argue that India needs to explore increased importation of energy as well as the development of new energy options to address its increasing concern of energy supply.

Aufhauser, David, et al. “Saudi Arabia, Enemy or Friend?” __Middle East__ __Policy__ 11, 1 (2004): 1-25.

The article is a conversation between several of the authors. They focus on the question asked by many Americans, is Saudi Arabia a friend or an enemy. Most of the 9/11 hijackers were Saudi yet our thirst for oil makes us dependent on their supply. Ultimately what to do about Saudi Arabia? They suggest to assist them in opening up their society.

Bahgat, Gawdat. “United States Energy Security.” __The Journal of Social, Political, and__ __Economic Studies__ 26, 3 (2001): 515-542.

The author of this article examines the lack of a comprehensive US energy policy and provides some recommendations on how to approach an energy policy. US energy policy should be broad and address perspectives on both sides. Most importantly, the article states that the US will continue to be dependent on oil supplies from abroad and rather than focusing on an unrealistic goal of independence, focus on appropriately managing the dependence.

---. “Oil, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Libyan Diplomatic Coup.” __The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies__ 29, 4 (2004): 373-394.

In this article, the author outlines his case for the reasons that Libya has slowly changed its energy policy and its stance toward international terrorism. The author identifies the country’s economic stagnation as well as the pressure from outside sources as the main reasons for this transformation.

---. “Oil and Terrorism: Central Asia and the Caucus.” __The Journal of Social, Political,__ __and Economic Studies__ 30, 3 (2005): 265-283.

The author examines the rivalry between American, European, Russian and Chinese energy interests in the Caspian Sea and other parts of Central Asia. The author concludes that the region’s hydrocarbons will be important in the global energy security debate but not sufficient to substitute the importance of the Middle East oil. Due to this importance, there will be continued competition amongst these countries for this regions energy resource.

Bies, Laura. “The Biofuels Explosion: Is Green Energy Good for Wildlife?” __Wildlife__ __Society Bulletin__ 34, 4 (2006): 1203-1205.

The author identifies the importance and effects of having the President of the United States be open and interested in biofuels as a way of providing more attention to this possible solution to the energy question. However, the author quickly focus that comments are not going to be the only way to take this idea further, but even suggest possibly strategies similar to those of corn ethanol production as a way bringing this technology further along in peoples’ discussion of energy policy.

Billing, Michelle. “The Venezuelan Oil Crisis.” __Foreign Affairs__ 83, 5 (2004): 2.

The author discusses the different political crisis that have affected Venezuela and therefore its abilty to supply and extract traditional amounts of petroleum. The author notes that Washington was asleep at the wheel and should have been more cognizant and prepare to handle such crisis because they affect our supply of oil.

Cañez, Luara and Marisol Garfias. “Portfolio Management at the Mexican Petroleum Institute.” __Research Technology Management__ 49, 4 (2006): 46-55.

This article discusses a case study of the IMP, which is the research arm for PEMEX, the Mexican state run petroleum company. Through the article, one gets a good understanding of the decision making of the IMP and resource allocation.

Cutler, Robert. “Cooperative Energy Security in the Caspian Region: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Development.” __Global Governance__ 5, 2 (1999): 251-271.

The article focuses on the population growth of the Caspian region and how they are headed to severe problems that will lead to instability in the future. This instability will surely affect the international environmental agenda and thus the author focus on the importance of a multilateral cooperative focusing on the concept of sustainable development. This focus on sustainable development can link the international energy and environment agendas.

de Olivera, Adilson. “Reforming the Brazilian Energy System: Challenges and Opportunities.” __Journal of Project Finance__ 2, 4 (1996): 13-22.

The article focuses on the Brazilian governments reform of its energy system starting in the 1990s. The author focuses on how the government has taken a leading role in the development of this new energy system by giving a leading role and attracting private investors. However, the author notes the importance of government regulations to ensure that such private investment does not increase risk and consequently reduce the economic attractiveness of Brazil.

Deering, Ben. “Chavez’s Populism Threatens the Economic Engine of His Revolution.” __SAIS__ __Review__ 27, 1 (2007): 159-162.

The author’s discuss how to finance his social revolution, President Chavez of Venezuela has used a great deal of the money earned with high oil prices. Unfortunately, this spending is what might end his revolution by not providing adequate savings necessary for the country.

Dooley, Erin E. “Brazilian Biodiesel Blasts Off.” __Environmental Health Perspectives__ 113, 8 (2005): A517.

The author highlights Brazil’s investment and potential in the production of biodiesel. Brazil has invested $515 million in biodiesel and is opening new biodiesel production plants. Brazil has a lot of potential in this market and should be watched carefully.

Ebel, R. “Untapped Potential.” __Harvard International Review__ 25, 1 (2003): 26-31.

The article focuses on the questionable future of the US supply of oil from the Persian Gulf as well as its strategy to import from over 60 different countries. The author highlights the potential of reaching out the great potential of the Russian oil sector while noting the challenges and limitations of such option.

Elhefnawy, Nader. “Toward a Long-Range Energy Security Policy.” __Parameters__ 36, 1 (2006): 101-114.

This article provides a an overview of the oil political situation, including the prospects for an economy based on renewable energy as well as the security problems from a decrease in supply of oil. Likewise, the authors provide a possible basis for making a transition to alternative forms of energy.

Fang, Samantha. “Africa: A Worthy Ally?” __Harvard International Review__ 29, 1 (2007): 7.

The article focuses on Libya’s transition from a sponsor of terrorism to a country trying to gain the trust of the West. Given its location, history, and other factors, Libya can be a key ally in the war against terror and thus the US should pursue increase relations with this former enemy.

Fulton, Lew. “Biofuels for Transport: A Viable Alternative?” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. __The OECD Observer__ 249 (2005): 41-45.

The article focuses on the importance of biofuels as a competitor to petrol as a transport fuel. The author suggests that energy and agricultural policies should aim to maximize the benefits of these fuels with minimum costs for governments and societies. Even if these fuels grow, they will only be 5% of the market. However, no other fuel has competed with petrol in this way in over 100 years.

Gallagher, Paul and Donald Johnson. “Some New Ethanol Technology: Cost Competition and Adoption Effects in the Petroleum Market.” __The Energy Journal__ 20, 2 (1999): 89-120.

The authors’ of this article focus on the prospects of adopting fuels made from agricultural materials. They discuss new ethanol processing methods that may enable ethanol production from cellulose materials. This and other innovations could suggest a possible competitor to petroleum based gasoline. This potential domestic supply could offset oligopoly pricing thus reducing prices and increasing consumer benefits.

Gamper-Rabindran, Shanti. “NAFTA and the Environment: What Can the Data Tell Us?” __Economic Development and Cultural Change__ 54, 3 (2006): 605-631.

The article focuses on an industry level study of the pollutions affects of NAFTA. The article touches on the issue of companies leaving the US or other countries with stringent environmental standards for developing countries with less stringent environmental standards. The evidence is not conclusive due to the industry focus, the lack of previous pollution data, and other factors. More research needs to be conducted.

Glos, Michael. “Germany: Energising the Market.” Organization for Economic Cooperation. __The OECD Observer__ 259/259 (2006): 5

In this article, the author, Minister of Economics and Technology for Germany advocates for open markets and climate protection policies as a way of securing economical, reliable, and environmentally-friendly energy supply.

Goldwyn, David L. “Extracting Transparency.” __Georgetown__ __Journal of International__ __Affairs__ 5, 1 (2005): 5-16.

The article focuses on the construction of an energy infrastructure in the developing world. The authors states that the critics concerns that governments will steal natural resource wealth, disregard for environmental impact of pipelines, etc is not due to infrastructure but due to bad government and bad governance. In order to address the needs of these populations more work should be done around creating transparency in public finance of these bad governments through G-8 countries. “Transparency in government is like oil in the ground-we must extract it.”

Hale, David D. “Commodities, China, and American Foreign Policy.” __The International__ __Economy__ 20, 3 (2006): 16-19.

The author of this article focuses on China’s need and search for oil. The author suggests the US could collaborate with China and have a partnership that could lead to greater energy security.

Hofmeister, John. “How the U.S. Can Ensure Energy Supply for the Future.” __Vital__ __Speeches of the Day__ 73, 4 (2007): 175-179.

In this speech, the author, president of Shell oil states that the US can attain energy security as they define it: knowing we have available and affordable energy for today, tomorrow, and future generations as far out as we can imagine. He suggests that there is still plenty of oil and other energy resources out there, but that government regulations make it hard or unable to access those resources.

Holzer, Verena Leila. “The Promotion of Renewable Energies and Sustainability: A Critical Assessment of the German Renewable Energies Act.” __Intereconomics__ 40, 1 (2005): 36-45.

The article focuses on Germany’s the Renewable Energies Act, which is an instrument for implementing the energy objectives of its sustainability strategy. The EEG mainly focuses on ecological sustainability but in order to achieve such goals it should shift from the installation capacities to a steady power supply and the effective replacement of the most polluting fossil energy sources.

Iurin, Aleksandr. “The Year of the Elephant Begins in the United States.” __International__ __Affairs__ 49, 1 (2003): 11-15.

The article focuses on the aftermath of the Bush electoral victory and the need to pursue better relations with Russia. The author suggests that cooperation with Russia will lead to a better way to address the many security problems faced by both nations.

Jiang, Wenran. “China’s Global Quest for Energy Security.” __Canadian Foreign Policy__ 13, 2 (2006): 105-131.

The focus of this article is to understand the China’s current energy situation, how that is driving its outreach to Africa, Latin America, and other places out of need due to its growth rather than a plan to dominate the world. The author thus argues that a forward looking engagement policy adopted by other countries like the U.S. and Canada will be the most beneficial.

Jochem, Eberhard and Harald Bradke. “Energy Efficiency: The Forgotten Side of Supply Security.” __CESifo Forum__ 7, 2 (2006): 28-31.

The authors focus on the efficiency of the energy being utilized. Supply of energy is a major issue when dealing with security. If people are able to maximize the energy they currently utilize, supply will still be a concern, but not as grave as it may be.

Jozefowicz, Chris. “Charge It!” __Current Science__ 91, 10 (2006): 6-7.

The focus of the article is to highlight the need to move beyond hybrid vehicles to fully electric vehicles. The article discusses specifics of the electric vehicle and how it is a “better” deal than traditional hybrid vehicles.

Kane, Sally, et al. “Ethanol’s Role: An Economic Assessment.” __Agribusiness__ 5, 5 (1989): 505-522. The article focuses on the needs of the ethanol industry to expand. Examples of this are mix of low grain prices, stable or increasing petroleum prices, and assurance of subsidies for production. The article also assesses ethanol’s competitiveness with other alternative fuels.

Kaplan, Marshall. “Energy Restructuring in Brazil.” Journal of Project Finance 3, 2 (1997): 43-63.

The article discusses how Brazil is restructuring its energy sector. There are new regulatory frameworks that will alleviate uncertainty and install fair prices. The authors provide some recommendations while developing this new energy framework: focus on equity, increase rural and regional access to power, acknowledge sustainability objectives, respond to the needs of the urban and rural poor, and the need for a blended price.

Kates, Robert. “Global Warming: Are Environmentalists Part of the Problem?” __Environment__ 49, 1 (2007): 0-2.

The author of the article argues that organize environmentalists are part of the solution and part of the problem. The author suggests that for environmentalist to be part of the solution, they need to be open to all types of solutions rather than closed of to specific solutions which ultimately limit discussion.

Klooster, Dan. “Campesinos and Mexico Forest Policy During the Twentieth Century.” __Latin American Research Review__ 38, 2 (2003): 94-126.

The focus of this article is to highlight the hundreds of villages that own and successfully protect and operate their forest within Mexico. This is a model of successful rural economical development while maintaining the forests. This model can serve as a model for other Latin American countries.

Kuik, Onno. “Climate Change Policies, Energy Security and Carbon Dependency Trade- offs for the European Union in the Longer Term.” __International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics__ 3, 3 (2003): 221-242.

The focus of this article is to examine the two pressing issues affecting the European Union around climate change. The first if the need to reduce greenhouse gases and the second is the need to secure supply of energy. The article analyses different scenarios that the EU can explore to address these two major challenges.

Lave, Lester B. and W. Michael Griffin. “Imported Ethanol, Not Oil.” __Issues in Science__ __and Technology__ 22, 3 (2006): 40-42.

The author argues in this article the strategy of focusing on other alternative fuels as a way of attaining security. Specifically the author states that rather than focusing on importing oil, we can do better by importing alternative fuels like ethanol.

Lebahn, Aksel. “Russia is Here Again!” __International Affairs__ 53, 2 (2007): 22-35.

The author argues that the increase stance of Russia on various energy policies and the need of the EU to attain energy security and supply call for a energy security system that take into account geopolitical interests, commercial and corporate interests, as well as the mindset of nations involved. This also means a need for a close interconnection between the EU and Russia.

Li, Kevin X and Jin Cheng. “Maritime Law and Policy for Energy Security Asia: A Chinese Perspective.” __Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce__ 37, 4, (2006): 567-587.

The article focuses on the importance and vulnerability of maritime transportation of valuable goods such as oil. Energy security is dependent on successful cooperation and action of many countries and entities to secure the necessary transportation of such important resources.

Mahajan, Sonam, Samir K. Konar, and David G. B. Boocock. “Variables Affecting the Production of Standard Biodiesel.” __Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society__ 84, 2 (2007): 189-195.

This article focuses on the biodiesel, how it is composed and how it is affected by other variables. The article is very tech specific on the formation and production of biodiesel.

Medlock III, Kenneth B. and Ronald Soligo. “Economic Development and End-Use Energy Demand.” __The Energy Journal__ 22, 2 (2001): 77-105.

This articles focuses on the connections between economic development and its affects on energy demand. The article goes into more specific examples in particular economic sectors. The authors argue that energy demand should be taken into consideration as the economy develops.

Nadgrodkiewicz, Anna. “America’s Appetite for Oil: The Past, Present, and a Bumpy Road Ahead.” __The Review of Politics__ 68, 3 (2006): 538-542.

This article is a book review of a book that makes the case that the war in Iraq was primarily based on the need for oil and energy security. The basis of the book states that the potential shortage of oil due geopolitical changes rather than geological shortages led the US to a war to dominate and maintain a supply of oil for its growing hunger for oil.

Parris, Thomas M. “Innovative Vehicle Technologies.” __Environment__ 48, 10 (2006): 3.

The author focuses on how the increase price of oil has led to technological innovations in vehicles. The article discusses the investment of vehicle companies in hybrid technology and the exploration of other non-biomass technologies like hydrogen and natural gas.

Patzek, Tad W., et al. “Ethanol From Corn: Clean Renewable Fuel for the Future, or Drain on Our Resources and Pockets?” __Environment, Development and Sustainability__ 7 (2005): 319-336.

The author argues that the investment in ethanol from corn might not be the best investment when it comes to alternative energy because it takes almost as much energy to produce energy the same amount of ethanol energy. The author cautions such investment in ethanol.

Pawa, Matthew and Benjamin A. Krass. “Behind the Curve: The National Media’s Reporting on Global Warming.” __Boston__ __College__ __Environmental Affairs Law Review__ 33, 3 (2006): 485-509.

The article focuses on a trial brought on against three of the nations largest polluters. The purpose of the article is understand the coverage of global warming by the press. The article found that it is hard to muddle through some of the industry distorting of global warming. The article states that the press has historically distorted coverage of global warming science by accepting the industry view that the science is in dispute.

Pierce, Alan. “Fuel Cell Vehicles.” __Tech Directions__ 66, 6 (2007): 11.

The article focuses on fuel cell vehicles and how this is what many consider the ultimate solutions if the technology were to be developed in a practical way. They consider this the “holy grail” because the vehicles would be powered by chemical reactions of hydrogen and air without dangerous bi-products.

Pirouz, Kamrouz and Farahmand Rezvani. “The Iran-China Alliance.” __Journal of__ __American__ __Academy__ __of Business__ 11, 1 (2007):39-50.

The article focuses on the reasons for the increase price of oil. In particular the author notes the strong global demand, particularly that of China and India and a tightness of supply has led to increase oil prices. The author also discusses the impacts of a possible China-Iran alliance on oil price increases.

Roach, Ronald. “Michigan State, DaimlerChrysler Test Brownfields for Biofuel Crops.” __Diverse Issues in Higher Education__ 23, 14 (2006): 38.

The article focuses on a partnership between Michigan State University and DaimlerChrysler to address the concern of the nation’s food production if there is a push for biofuels. These two entities are examining the turning of contaminated lands, known as brownfields into green pastures. The hope is that through this, there can be a decrease in oil reliance.

Saakashvili, Mikheil. “The Way Forward.” __Harvard International Review__ 28, 1 (2006): 68-73.

The article focuses on the Georgia’s democratic movements. Of particular concern is how the stability of these former Soviet States is important due to the many oil pipelines that go through those countries. Disruptions or insecurities in those countries could be disastrous in the supply of oil.

Schmidt, Charles W. “Biodiesel Cultivating Alternative Fuels.” __Environmental Health__ __Prespectives__ 115, 2 (2007): A86-A91.

This article focuses on the growth of biodiesel and provides some historical background. The article discusses the many attractions of biodiesel but also focus on some of the negative effects of biodiesel production, particularly in developing nations.

Sheives, Kevin. “China Turns West: Beijing’s Contemporary Strategy Towards Central Asia.” __Pacific Affairs__ 79, 2 (2006): 205-181.

The article focuses on how the growing need for energy supplies and the fall of the Soviet Union have pushed China toward establishing friendly relationships with the Central Asian states. These stable strategic relationships are important to understand given the context of energy security.

Smil, Vaclav. “21st Century Energy: Some Sobering Thoughts.” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. __The OECD Observer__ 258/259 (2006): 22-23.

The author argues that transition to new energy sources is unavoidable, but he provides some sobering principles along the way. Examples of such principles are considering the size of the energy shift; consider energy density, geographical distribution among others.

Swanson, K.J., Michael C. Madden, and Andrew J Ghio. “Biodiesel Exhaust: The Need for Health Effects Research.” __Environmental Health Perspectives__ 115, 4 (2007): 496-500.

The article explored research attempting to understand the health implications of biodiesel toxicity. A review of the medical literature indicated that the health effects based on the chemical composition of biodiesel exhaust needs to be followed up with investigations in biological systems.

Tetreault, Mary Ann. “Comparative Politics: The Political Economy of Mexican Oil by Laura Randall.” __The American Political Science Review__ 85, 3 (1991): 1063-1064.

This article is a book review of the study on PEMEX, the state run Mexican oil company and how cheap oil has affected Mexican governance across the board. Mexican oil policy impacts unions, education, air pollution, and most other facets of Mexican life.

Toman, Michael A. “International Oil Security Problems and Policies.” __The Brookings__ __Review__ 20, 2 (2002): 20-24.

This article provides and overview of oil security and policies. His focus on oil security is divided into two areas. The first is the exercise of market power by international oil exporters and the second is the macroeconomic disruptions arising from oil price instability. He argues that overtime, there is a need to develop new alternative forms of energy.

Turner, John A. “Sustainable Hydrogen Production.” __Science__ 305, 5686 (2004): 972- 974. The author argues that given the crisis of finding a new sustainable energy system and the finite supply of money and energy; the US has to make hard decisions about which path to follow and sustain a focused effort. The author argues in favor of hydrogen production given this discussion.

van Doren, Peter. “Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Strategy.” __The Energy__ __Journal__ 27, 2 (2006): 182-187.

In this book review, the author focuses on the need to connect energy security with foreign policy decisions. Likewise the author argues the need for economist to play a larger role in informing the foreign policy discussion so as to decrease the obsession with better operation of energy markets, many foreign policy analysts out of work, and much less jet fuel used.

Westrup, Hugh. “Mobile Station.” __Current Science__ 92, 7 (2006): 10-11.

The article focuses on the hydrogen cell vehicles and how a new technology can potentially lead the way for expansion of this technology.

Whalen, Christopher. “Venezuela’s Oil Trap.” __The International Economy__ 21, 2 (2007): 58-61.

This article explores the volatility of oil supply by one of the worlds largest supplier due mostly to the president, Hugo Chavez. Author argues that not much economic growth is taking place other than the oil sector. If and when there is a decrease in oil prices, given Venezuela’s dependence of oil revenues for social spending, more instability in the oil supply will take place.

Yeh, Emily T. and Joanna I. Lewis. “State Power and the Logic of Reform in China’s Electricity Sector.” __Pacific Affairs__ 77, 3 (2004): 437-465.

This article explores China’s large power sector that is facing many challenges. Of particular note is the large geographic inequalities and the high levels of pollutions. The article suggests some strategies that the Communist Party may use to address this situation.

Yohannes, Okbazghi. “America’s New Frontier: Oil in the Gulf of Guinea.” __The Black__ __Scholar__ 33, 2 (2003): 2-21.

This article discusses the increasing role of oil in the US relations with sub-Saharan Africa. The author suggests that the US is creating an informal global empire resting on energy security, strategic minerals, market fundamentalism and containment of terrorism in this region. The article focuses on the oil company’s involvement in the region. The author summarizes their point as “the nature and texture of future US-Africa relations is very likely to be contextualized by kleptocracy, autocracy, tyranny, pauperization and environmental evisceration on the African side and by the exploitation of sources of energy and mineral and the war against terrorism on the American side.”

__Annotated Bibiliography, Michael Garmon__

1. “Overview of Wind Energy in California”, __California__ __Energy Commission__, 7/3/06, [|www.energy.ca.gov/wind/overview.html]

This article indicates that there is enough wind power in the U.S. to power the entire country. The federal government and the State of California provide tax credits for wind power which is generated at wind farms. This article states that wind power does not create any pollution. Wind farms to require large land use. In the year 2004, wind power constituted 1.5% of the State’s power.

2. “Energy Program News: Solar Power has increased 5,900% since the 2001 Energy Crisis”, __Environment California__, 7/4/06, [|www.environmentcalifornia.org/newsroom/energy/energy-program-news/solar-power-has-increased-5900-since-the-2001-energy-crisis]

California has a goal of building 3000 MW of solar power on a 1,000,000 roofs by 2016, according to this article. This article summarizes the California Solar Initiative, which was introduced as SB1 in 2006. California has installed 177 MW of solar power on nearly 20,000 homes, business, and schools since 2001.

3. “Adviser Soapbox: Energy Independence through Hydrogen”, Kenneth Reid, 06/15/05, [|www.forbes.com/newsletter/2005/06/15/motorola-GM-dow-chemical-cz_kr_0615soapbox_inl.html]

This article deals with hydrogen development. It is written from the investor’s perspective on hydrogen and fuel cells as alternatives to fossil fuels. This article indicates that the military has the largest fleet of vehicles in the nation, and delivering a gallon of gasoline to the battlefield can cost $400 a gallon. GM has entered into a contract with the military to provide hybrid technology for military vehicles. The author states that 2/3 of the energy used in the U.S. comes from fossil fuels. Hydrogen and oxygen, combined with a catalyst such as platinum can produce electricity. The byproducts are water and heat.

4. “Kyoto Treaty Takes Effect Today”, Washington Post, 2/16/05, Shankar Vedantam, [|www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27318-2005Feb15.html]

This is a 2005 article which indicates President Bush’s refusal to participate in the Kyoto Treaty. Russia and Australia did not participate either. The author explains why the United States did not participate in terms of its economic concerns. There is a historical overview of the Kyoto Protocol as well as some political history and minor introductions of proposals by Sen. McCain and Sen. Lieberman.

5. “Clean Air Markets: Cap and Trade”, Environmental Protection Agency, 6/19/07 [|www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cap-trade/index.html]

This article defines what a cap and trade policy is. A cap and trade program sets a limit on emissions in the form of allowances for the participants in the program. Allowances can be purchased or sold to other participants who anticipate exceeding emissions standards. A cap and trade program provides an economic disincentive to agencies which would exceed emissions limits.

6. “Why 61% of Californians support Prop 87 on Alternative Energy”, California Progress Report, 7/31/06, Shelley Luce, Phd., [|www.californiaprogressreport.com/2006/07/why_61_of_calif.html]

The Public Policy Institute of California special survey on the environment in 2006 had 61% of Californians in favor of Prop 87. Prop 87 charges a fee per barrel for oil drilled within California. The revenue generated is then directed to areas of alternative energy development use. In addition, the funds

7. “The Governor’s Climate Change Initiative, California Legislative Analyst’s Office”, 4/3/06, Presented to the Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Subcommittee [|www.lao.ca.gov/handouts/resources/2006/climate_change_04_03_06.pdf]

This is an examination of the Governor’s 2005 proposal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. From 1990 to 2000, GHG emissions in California increased by 13%. The Governor’s plan calls for a reduction between 11%-25% of what would otherwise be emitted. This article also makes reference to the Climate Action Team, which consists of the state’s environmental protection, agricultural, transportation, housing, and utility agencies. Recommendations of the Climate Action Team (CAT) which include gas taxes, coordination of private investment, and regulation of GHG emission are introduced.

8. “Why PV is important”, __U.S. Department of Energy__, Solar Energy Technologies Program, 1/5/06, www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_important.html

Photovoltaics is the topic of this article. Photovoltaics (PV) is a solar energy source which reportedly is a newer, environmentally safe technology. This article presents PV as affordable and safe. It does not require gaseous fuels to be transported or combusted. The cost to produce it is lowering through production.

9. “The New Math of Alternative Energy: Does going green finally make economic sense?”__,__ The Wall Street Journal, Rebecca Smith, 2/23/07, [|www.yaleglobal.yale.edu/article.print?id=8813]

The author of this article raises some of the cost issues involved in alternative energy sources. Costs of alternative energy sources are falling, but are still not level with fossil fuels. Supply chains for alternate sources are prone to problems, and government support is necessary. The cost of wind power has fallen dramatically. This article also discusses the cost pros and cons of solar, biomass, and geothermal energy sources.

10. “Current Energy Use Seen to Threaten Environment”, Economy, Peace, BBC World Service, 7/06 [|www.worldpublicopinion.org/incl/printable_version.php?pnt=227]

A 19 nation opinion poll is the topic of this article. This was conducted for the BBC World Service by the international polling firm Globescan on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Marlyland. This occurred in 2006. The results were 81% of the citizens were concerned about energy issues; more than the majority believed the current energy concerns are related to the stability of the world economy and wars; strong majorities across the countries want governments to actively address energy issues, especially through tax incentives to develop renewable energy supplies. There was not much support for nuclear energy.

11. “EPAct: Alternative Fuels for Energy Security, Cleaner Air”, __US Department of__ __Energy__, 1/05, [|www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/epact]

This article gives background information regarding the Energy Policy Act of 1992. (EPAct) EPAct was designed to encourage the use of alternative transportation fuels (not derived from petroleum). EPAct’s voluntary activities are being implemented through the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Clean Cities Initiative. Clean Cities (1993) provides technical, informational, and financial resources to both regulated fleets and voluntary adopters of alternative fuels. This article discusses the criteria for federal fleet and alternative fuel vehicles. (AFV) According to this article, EPAct regulatory initiatives have collectively put 150,000 AFVs on U.S. roadways.

12. “Biomass Program”, __US Department of Energy__, 6/7/07, www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass

This article defines what biomass is. (plant material) Biomass is the largest renewable energy source in the US since 2000. This article also concerns the development of biorefineries. Conversion technologies are also discussed.

13. “Clean Cities/Biodiesel”: __US Department of Energy,__ [|www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/blends/biodiesel.html]

Biodiesel is being combined with diesel fuel to produce fuel blends which are less harmful to the environment. Biodiesel is made by chemically reacting vegetable oils, recycled cooking grease or animal fats with alcohol. Soybean is also used, and it has a low sulfur content. Credits under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 are discussed as well.

14. “Electric Generation Using Natural Gas”, __naturalgas.org__, 2004 [|www.naturalgas.org/overview/uses_eletrical.asp]

Natural gas has become preferred over coal because coal is more harmful to the environment when it is burned. Natural gas and coal have been used to power electrical plants, and natural gas use to power electrical plants is expected to increase dramatically over the next 20 years. Regulations concerning the emission of pollutants have forced electrical plants to move away from coal. The mechanics and efficiency of natural gas use in power plants is examined. Fuel cell use is also presented.

15. “Outer Continental Shelf Deep Water Royalty Relief Act of 1995”, __Energy__ __Information Administration__, 1/7/05 www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngmajorleg/continental.html

The intent of this law is promote interest in deep water. It provides for relief on lease royalties. To be eligible for relief, the lease must be located in the Gulf of Mexico. The Minerals Management Service defines the term “deep water”. Since the incentives were put into place in 2000, deep water drilling has increased.

16. “DOE to invest $60 million for Solar Energy Research”, __US Dept of Energy__, 6/20/07, [|www.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=11055]

This is part of the Solar America Initiative. $30 million if research funding for universities is being offered. In addition, $27 million in awards is being offered to business who can address the challenges related to cost, improvements, and manufacturing capacity for solar technology. Also, up to $2.5 million will go to 13 cities which have been identified as most in need of expanded electrical supply, provided those cities use more solar generated power. The 13 cities are listed. Those cities will receive hands on assistance from technical and policy experts.

17. “DER Equipment: Distributed Energy Resource Guide”, __California__ __Energy__ __Commission__, [|www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/equipment/fuel_cells/fuel_cells.html] This gives us the applications, performance, cost, strengths and weaknesses, and future development of fuel cells. Fuel cell technology is not new. It has been developed in the US since the 1960s. Auto companies, NASA, utility companies, and the military are all investing the fuel cell technology. A fuel cell is similar to a battery, expect that it does not deplete. Fuel cell systems convert chemical energy from fossil fuels into electricity. There are four different types of fuel cells, and they are discussed in detail.

18. “Welcome to the California Energy Commission”, __California__ __Energy Commission__, [|www.energy.ca.gov/commission/index.html] This gives us a description of the California Energy Commission and its five responsibilities. Those are: forecasting future energy needs and keeping historical date, licensing thermal power plants greater than 50 megawatts, promoting energy efficiency through appliance an building standards, developing energy technology and renewable energy technology, and planning for electrical emergencies

19. “Alternative Fuels: Ethanol”, __US Dept of Energy__, 6/14/06 [|www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html]

Ethanol is described as an alcohol based alternative fuel in this article. Starch crops are converted into simple sugars. Corn, barley, and wheat can be used. Ethanol can also be produced from biomass such as trees and grasses. Ethanol is blended with gasoline to increase its octane content and improve its emissions quality. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to become E85 or E95 (flex fuel vehicle quality)

20. “Secretary Bodman Announces $40 Million in Funding for Efficient Housing Research”, __US Dept of Energy,__ 6/13/07, www.eere.energy.gov/ As part of DOE’s Building America project, the DOE is offering funding up to $40 million to support research and development of technologies for energy efficient homes. The projects are expected to help save 30-90% of the energy currently used in homes.

21. “Energy Policy Act”, Coalition for Affordable and Reliable Energy, [|www.careenergy.com/issues/issue.asp?pageAction=overview&actID=12] The Clean Energy Act of 2007 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in 2007, and is being reviewed by the U.S. Senate. This site provides a link to the Bill which went before the House.

22. “Ownership Risk, Investment, and the Use of Natural Resources”, __The American__ __Economic Review__ Vol 90, No. 3, (June 2000), p526-549, Bohn, Henning and Deacon, Robert The authors of this article examine the effect of insecure ownership on ordinary investment and natural resource use.

23. “Global Warming: A $25 billion challenge?” __Science__, New Series, Vol. 292, No. 5519, (May 11, 2001), pp1064-1065, Ian Lloyd This article was written for a UK audience. In essence, it states that President Bush stalled on the Kyoto Treaty because the economic implication was too large at the time. This author also indicated that the public chooses to deny that nuclear energy is the only viable option to fossil fuels. He does not cast renewable energy is a favorable light. The British House of Commons stated in 2000 that the global warming problem is real, and that $25 billion or 1% of the world’s energy budget.

24. “Geothermal Technologies Program”, US Dept. of Energy, www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal

25. “Harvesting the Potential of Biomass”, __Environmental Health Perspectives__, Vol. 113, No. 11, (Nov. 2005) pp. A750-A753, Tenenbaum, David J. According to the US DOE, 67% of fuel consumption in America goes toward transportation. “Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry” is a report which was published by the DOE concerning this subject. (2005) Biomass constitutes 3% of the energy supply in the US. This article speaks to the difficulties of converting biomass into the hydrocarbons which are needed for fuel.

--

Areen Ibranossian - Annotated Bibliography

American City & County “This is where the 'cleantech' grows: Report on five cities encouraging investments in environmentally friendly businesses” 122, no. 3  (March 01, 2007). As interest grows in solar and wind power technology development, alternative fuels and "green" buildings, some cities are encouraging  investment in environmentally friendly businesses. San Francisco-based SustainLane Government recently researched the top five cities for "cleantech  incubation clusters," groups of government agencies and businesses that support  research in low-emission or emission-free energy production and environmentally  friendly products.

Aron, Joan B. “Decision Making in Energy Supply at the Metropolitan Level: A Study  of the New York Area” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 35, No. 4. (Jul. -  Aug., 1975), pp. 340-345. This article discusses the decision making process in regards to energy supply at the local level, specifically in New York. Much detail is given to the process and why decisions are made.

Banister, David, “//Unsustainable Transport, City Transport in the New Century”// Routeledge Taylor & Francis Group London and New York, 2005. This book covers the issues facing city planners in terms of urban transportation and its  effects on the economy. Details alternative energy ideas and how the can effect urban planning.

Barkenbus, Jack N. “Federal Energy Policy Paradigms and State Energy Roles” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 42, No. 5. (Sep. - Oct., 1982), pp. 410-418. The nature of legitimate and proper government involvement in the field of energy is widely disputed today. Four separate paradigms or models of government-market interaction with respect to energy are identified and briefly outlined. Two paradigms (the energy policy and the energy free-market) represent the ideological underpinnings of two U. S. administrations.

Bessey, Roy F. “Environmental Defense and Effective Administration” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 30, No. 5. (Sep. - Oct., 1970), pp. 563-566. Article on the concepts of environmentalism and administration, how the two can go hand in hand.

Billings, Anthony B. “Economic Impact of Taxes On Financial Characteristics of the Natural Resources Industry” //Public Finance Review, 10 1994; vol. 22: pp. 439 -  461.// .the revision of the alternative minimum tax (AMT) provisions and credits  for solar and wind along with discussions on energy property, geothermal  property and individual taxpayers

Blanchard, Roger D. “//The Future of Global Oil Production// (Facts, Figures, Trends and Projections, by Region)” McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina,  and London 2005. Discusses current world oil production statistics and what that means for world oil demand and supply.

Brady, David. Althoff, Phillip. “The Politics of Regulation: the Case of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Industry” //American Politics Research, 7  1973; vol. 1: pp. 361 - 384.// The control of atomic energy and a study of its  social, economic, and societal impacts. Discusses in detail the regulation of atomic energy and its impact on the industry and society.

Bromley, Simon (1998). “Oil and the Middle East: The End of U.S. Hegemony?” Middle East Report, Number 208, pp 19-22. History of US involvement in the Middle East and its effects on the Oil industry there. Pays specific attention to the role of Israel and the consequences of US-Israel relations.

Casler, Stephen D, Rafiqui, Aisha. “Evaluating fuel tax equity: Direct and indirect distributional effects” //National Tax Journal.// Washington: Jun 1993. Vol.46, Iss. 2; pg. 197. Energy taxes can have important distributional impacts, depending on which fuels are taxed and how taxes are imposed. In a study, these impacts are examined in a general equilibrium.

Cigler, Beverly A. //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 41, No. 4. (Jul. - Aug., 1981), pp. 470-479. Deals with how local governments could play a large role in U. S. energy conservation policy, while maintaining their own fiscal stability. Data from a survey of 72 percent of all municipalities in North Carolina with  populations over 10,000 were used to explore the current and planned levels of  program commitment in energy, the organization for energy management, and  perceived needs for enhancing the local efforts.

Conway, Nicholas T.; Simay, Gregory L. **“**Energy Research and Development: A Partnership between Federal and Local Government” //Public Administration  Review//, Vol. 37, No. 6. (Nov. - Dec., 1977), pp. 711-713. Deals specifically with the issue of energy research and how local and federal governing bodies can work  together effectively. Cites numerous examples, such as New York City and Los Angeles.

Coon, Charlie and Phillips, James (2004). “Strengthening National Energy Security by Reducing Dependence on Imported Oil.” The Heritage Foundation.”  http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/BG1540.cfm This  report targets how the US can slowly decrease its dependence on imported oil by  drilling for more oil off-shore and by developing ethanol based fuels.

Daneke, Gregory A. **“**The Future of Environmental Protection: Reflections on the Difference between Planning and Regulating” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 42, No. 3. (May - Jun., 1982), pp. 227-233. Discusses how in order to adjust regulatory programs to a more adaptive/incentive approach, the EPA will  probably have to place greater reliance on planning over traditional regulation.

DeHaven-Smith, Lance; Wodraska, John R. “Consensus-Building for Integrated Resources Planning”//Public Administration Review//, Vol. 56, No. 4. (Jul. - Aug.,  1996), pp. 367-371. Can consensus-building techniques be effectively applied in the resources planning process? The authors describe a consensus-building process used by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California in  developing an Integrated Resources Plan for the region.

“Ending Oil Dependence As We Know It: The Case for National Action.” Progressive Policy Institute. 2002. Details how the US can end its reliance on oil by funding alternative energy studies and investing more in the hybrid-electric automobile  industry

Environment California http://www.environmentcalifornia.org/html/newsletters/summer06/article3.html In 1969 one of Unocal’s offshore drilling platforms spilled 100,000 barrels of oil off the Santa Barbara coast. Within days, millions of birds died, fish stocks were wiped out, and over 800 square miles of beaches were covered in crude oil.

Erb, Richard D. (1982). “The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Members and U.S. Policies”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social  Science, Volume 460, pp 111-117. Specifically deals with the role the US plays in OPEC and its impact on alternative energy funding and research.

Erfle, Stephen; McMillan, Henry; and Grofman, Bernard. “Testing the Regulatory Threat Hypothesis: Media Coverage of the Energy Crisis and Petroleum Pricing in the  Late 1970s” //American Politics Research, 4 1989; vol. 17: pp. 132 - 152.//  Hypothesis of the media coverage of the Energy Crisis in the 1970’s along with  the availability of alternative fuels, supply shortages during, or after the energy  crisis.

Evans, Ben and Joseph J. Schatz. "Details of Energy Policy Law." //CQ Weekly Online// (September 5, 2005): 2337-2345. http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/weeklyreport109-000001843093. Congressional Quarterly article detailing the energy policy act of 2005 put forth by President George Bush. Discusses the alternative energy sections in detail.

Fisher, Joseph L. “Resource Policies and Administration for the Future”. //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 21, No. 2. (Spring, 1961), pp. 74-80. How can we make our resources policies more effective in the broad role they play in our national development? What must be done to improve the administration of our resources in the future?

Garvey, Gerald. “Environmentalism versus Energy Development: The Constitutional Background to Environmental Administration” //Public Administration Review//,  Vol. 35, No. 4. (Jul. - Aug., 1975), pp. 328-333. Delves into the constitutional issues behind energy development and environmentalism.

Helm, Dieter; Kay, John’ and Thompson, David. “//Energy Policy and the Role of the State in the Market for Energy”// (1988) Fiscal Studies Volume 9 Issue (1), Pg. 41– 61. What role does the state have in the energy market? Is deregulation good or bad? Discusses these questions and more.

Henderson, Lenneal J. Special Issue: The Impact of Resource Scarcity on Urban Public  Finance. //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 41, (Jan., 1981), pp. 158-164. How does resource scarcity impact urban government financing? Do world oil prices effect local budgets?

Hughes, Kevin (2006). “A Transportation Energy Policy for America.” Americans for Energy Independence. http://www.ei2025.org/previous_editorial.asp?e=176. Report on how to rely less on oil and move towards alternative energy as a primary source for fuel, specifically ethanol and hybrid technology.


 * I**delson, Holly. "PROVISIONS: National Energy Strategy Provisions." //CQ Weekly Online// (September 12, 1992): 2745-2759. Congressional Quarterly article on the  provisions of the national energy strategy of 1992.

Issawi, Charles (1973). “Oil and Middle East Politics”. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Volume 31, Number 2, pp 111-122. History of oil and Middle East politics and the role of the US.

Ka, Sangjoon; Teske, Paul. “Ideology and Professionalism: Electricity Regulation and Deregulation Over Time in the American States” //American Politics Research, 5  2002; vol. 30: pp. 323 - 343.// Two decades after the energy crisis of 1973 and the  politics behind it.

Korin, Ann. “//Saving Our Oil Dependence Through Innovation”//. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. 2005. Pg. 5. How can we use innovation to end our reliance on oil? What alternative energy possibilities are realistic?

Korten, David C. “The Management of Social Transformation” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 41, No. 6. (Nov. - Dec., 1981), pp. 609-618. How do you manage social transformation? How does a local government or state government transition its populace through major societal changes? Examples used are the civil rights movement and women’s suffrage.

Kuntz, Phil. "ENERGY: Energy Bill Would Encourage Alternative Producers." //CQ Weekly Online// (October 27, 1990): 3596-3596. http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/WR101401816. Dis

Kuntz, Phil. "Using Environmental Goals In the Name of Independence." CQ Weekly Online (January 20, 1990): 157-162. http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/WR101408282.

Lee, Dong; Borcherding, Thomas E. “Public Choice of Tax and Regulatory Instruments—The Role of Heterogeneity: Evidence from U.S. State  Environmental Policy” 1980-1994 //Public Finance Review, 11 2006; vol. 34: pp. 607 - 636.// What are the regressive tax-equivalent alternative to the common and less regressive fiscal alternatives?

Lowy, Jane. "An Exploration of Alternatives." //CQ Weekly Online// (September 12, 2005): 2396-2409. http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/weeklyreport109-000001853573. What are the energy alternatives out there now and how can we utilize them?

Lowy, Joan; Jeff Tollefson; Adriel Bettelheim; and Rebecca Adams. "Energy Policy: A Delicate Balance." //CQ Weekly Online// (September 25, 2006): 2539-2551. http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/weeklyreport109-000002377011. How energy policy and international relations interact and its impact on US energy  policy.

LaFeber, Walter. //Russia, America, and the Cold War// New York, 2002, p. 292. What role did the Cold War play on energy policy and production?

McCutcheon, Chuck. "Members Find Bipartisanship Comes Easy On Tax Incentives to Ease Energy Shortfalls." //CQ Weekly Online// (June 16, 2001): 1436-1437. http://library.cqpress.com/cqweekly/weeklyreport107-000000268199. Congressional Quarterly article on bipartisan efforts to create tax incentives during energy shortfalls.

Meier, Kenneth J.; Robert D. Wrinkle, and J.L. Polinard “Politics, Bureaucracy, and Agricultural Policy: An Alternative View of Political Control” //American Politics  Research, 10 1995; vol. 23: pp. 427 - 460.// Bureaucracy and agricultural policy an  alternative view of political control

Michaelis, Laurie, “Alternative Fuels and Greenhouse Gas Emission Policy” in //Transportation and Energy: Strategies for a Sustainable Transportation System//,  edited by Sperling, Daniel and Shaheen, Susan A. Institute of Transportation  Studies, University of California Davis. American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy 1995 pg. 108. Describes policies that deal with alternative fuels and greenhouse gas emissions.

Minsk, Ronald E. “Ending Oil Dependence As We Know It: The Case for National Action” Progressive Policy Institute. 2002. How the US can end its dependence on oil forever. Specific policy suggestions and detailed analysis.

Monroe, Alan D. “Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions” //American Politics Research, 1 1979; vol. 7: pp. 3 - 19.// How strong is  the link between public preference and national policy? Discusses energy as one of the topics.

National Defense Council Foundation, “The Hidden Cost of Imported Oil,” September 2003, as cited by the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, Energy  Security Bi-Weekly, October 30, 2003. What are the costs of importing oil, both financially and socially.

National Transportation Safety Board. 1990.Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the U.S. Tankship Exxon Valdez: on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound, near Valdez,  Alaska, March 24, 1989. Washington, D.C.: NTSB. NTSB/MAR-90/04. Exxon Valdez oil spill impact on the environment.

Odessey, Bruce. “U.S. Trade Deficit Surges as Exports Fall, Oil Imports Rise”, January 12, 2005. US Consulate trade statistics, www.hongkong.usconsulate.gov/usinfo/statis/ft/2004/11.htm. Effects on the trade deficit of US oil imports.

Pfannenstiel, Jackalyne (2006). “Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel”. California Energy Commission. Publication No. CEC-600-2005-030-FS. www.energy.ca.gov. Study on the viability of ethanol as a transportation fuel.

Ramage, Michael (2004). “The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs.” www.house.gov/science/hearings/full04/mar03/ramage.pdf. How viable is hydrogen as an alternative fuel? Safety, cost, and other issues examined.

Ringquist, evan J. “Testing Theories of State Policy-Making: The Case of Air Quality Regulation” //American Politics Research, 7 1993; vol. 21: pp. 320 - 342.// 1989 s tate energy data report: Consumption estimates, 1960-1987 (Energy Information  Administration)

Sawyer, Stephen W. “State Energy Conditions and Policy Development” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 44, No. 3. (May - Jun., 1984), pp. 205-214. Decreased federal energy policy activity provides new freedom and opportunity to design energy programs that are more sensitive to specific state energy conditions.

Sepheri, Saman “Geopolitics of Oil”. 2002. International Socialist Review. www.thirdworldtraveler.com/oil_watch/geopolitics_oil.html. What are the geopolitical dimensions of the world oil market and industry?

Shogren, Elizabeth. //Arctic Refuge Damaged, Scientists Find.// Los Angeles Times 3/5/03. Article on the damage done by oil drilling in or around the Arctic Refuge.

Shwadran, Benjamin. “Middle East Oil Issues and Problems”. Schenkman Publishing Co. Cambridge, Mass. 1977. Problems with importing oil from the Middle East and its effects on the US.

Slocum, Tyson. “Hot Profits and Global Warming: How Oil Companies Hurt Consumers and the Environment”. 2002. Public Citizen. Pg. 2. What Big Oil is doing to the environment and to consumers.

Smart, Ian. Oil, the Super Powers and the Middle East. International Affairs, Volume 53, Number 1, pp 17-35. How the superpowers at the time were effecting the Middle East and vice versa.

Spero Edelman, Joan. “Energy Self-Sufficiency and National Security”. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Volume 31, Number 2, pp 123-136. How US national security is threatened by foreign oil dependence.

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Stonecash, Jeff. “State Policies Regarding Local Resource Acquisition: Disorder, Compensatory Adjustment, or Coherent Restraint?” //American Politics Research,  10 1981; vol. 9: pp. 401 - 425.// Discusses the issues relating to local resource  acquisition and its role in the economy.

Talley, Wayne K.; Warner, Stanley E. “Energy Legislation and Gasoline Tax Revenue” Public Finance Review, 1 1981; vol. 9: pp. 35 - 46.This article investigates the impact of changes in highway gasoline tax rates and gasoline efficiency on U.S.  gasoline tax revenue

Thomson, Gale. “Johnson Controls expands renewable energy services.”(GREEN NEWS)." //Government Procurement// 15.2 (April 2007): 13(1). University of  Southern California. 20 June 2007 In response to increasing global demand for  renewable energy, Johnson Controls, Inc., is  expanding its business direction in  the areas of designing, installing, and servicing geothermal, solar, biomass,  wind, and other renewable sources as energy supply options for customers.

Weber Edward P; Khademian, Anne M. “From Agitation to Collaboration: Clearing the Air through Negotiation” //Public Administration Review//, Vol. 57, No. 5. (Sep. -  Oct., 1997), pp. 396-410. “Conflict, agitation, and delay have long defined policy making in the environmental arena. Yet in recent years, collaboration has been utilized in a limited number of cases in an attempt to develop regulatory policy  that is more robust and enforceable, and that requires less time and money to  develop.”

Weatherford, Stephen M.; James, Henry. “An Agenda Paper: Political Business Cycles and the Process of Economic Policymaking” //American Politics Research, 1 1988;  vol. 16: pp. 99 - 136.// Given scarce resources of time, **energy**, and political capital,  what are the functional models of policy making for economic policymaking?